Abstract
The role of peroxisomes in the oxidative injury induced by the auxin herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in leaves of pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants was studied. Applications of (2,4-D) on leaves or to root substrate increased the superoxide radical production in leaf peroxisomes. Foliar application also increased H2O2 contents in leaf peroxisomes. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction was accompanied by oxidative stress, as shown by the changes in lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls, total and protein thiols, and by the up-regulation of the activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. Foliar or root 2,4-D applications also induced senescence symptoms in pea leaf peroxisomes, as shown by the decrease of protein content and glycolate oxidase and hydroxypyruvate reductase activities, and by the increase of endopeptidase, xanthine oxidase, isocitrate lyase and acyl-CoA oxidase activities as well as of 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase and thiol-protease protein contents. 2,4-D did not induce proliferation of pea leaf peroxisomes but induced senescence-like morphological changes in these organelles. Results suggest that peroxisomes might contribute to 2,4-D toxicity in pea leaves by overproducing cell-damaging ROS and by participating actively in 2,4-D-induced leaf senescence.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar 2,4-D increased superoxide radical production in pea leaf peroxisomes.
- Taxon
- pea
Lathyrus oleraceust0 - Organ / stage
- leaf peroxisomese0
- Treatment
- (2,4-D) on leavese0
- Outcome
- superoxide radical productione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Applications of (2,4-D) on leaves or to root substrate increased the superoxide radical production in leaf peroxisomes.”
t0“pea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Root substrate 2,4-D increased superoxide radical production in pea leaf peroxisomes.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Organ / stage
- leaf peroxisomese0
- Treatment
- (2,4-D) on leaves or to root substratee0
- Outcome
- superoxide radical productione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Applications of (2,4-D) on leaves or to root substrate increased the superoxide radical production in leaf peroxisomes.”
t0“pea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar 2,4-D increased H2O2 in pea leaf peroxisomes.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Organ / stage
- leaf peroxisomese0
- Treatment
- Foliar applicatione0
- Outcome
- H2O2 contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application also increased H2O2 contents in leaf peroxisomes.”
t0“pea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
ROS overproduction accompanied changes in lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls and thiols.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Organ / stage
- leavest0
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls, total and protein thiolse0
- Qualifier
- Reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproductione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction was accompanied by oxidative stress, as shown by the changes in lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls, total and protein thiols”
t0“leaves of pea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxidative stress upregulated superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase activity.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Outcome
- activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductasee0
- Direction
- up-regulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by the up-regulation of the activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase.”
t0“pea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxidative stress upregulated catalase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase activity.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Outcome
- catalase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenasee0
- Direction
- up-regulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by the up-regulation of the activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase.”
t0“pea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar or root 2,4-D decreased peroxisomal protein content, glycolate oxidase and hydroxypyruvate reductase activities.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Organ / stage
- leaf peroxisomese0
- Treatment
- Foliar or root 2,4-D applicationse0
- Outcome
- protein content and glycolate oxidase and hydroxypyruvate reductase activitiese0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar or root 2,4-D applications also induced senescence symptoms in pea leaf peroxisomes, as shown by the decrease of protein content and glycolate oxidase and hydroxypyruvate reductase activities”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar or root 2,4-D increased peroxisomal endopeptidase, xanthine oxidase and isocitrate lyase activities.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- Foliar or root 2,4-D applicationse1
- Outcome
- endopeptidase, xanthine oxidase, isocitrate lyasee0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by the increase of endopeptidase, xanthine oxidase, isocitrate lyase and acyl-CoA oxidase activities as well as of 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase and thiol-protease protein contents.”
t0“pea plants”
e1“Foliar or root 2,4-D applications”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar or root 2,4-D increased peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase activity and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase and thiol-protease protein content.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- Foliar or root 2,4-D applicationse1
- Outcome
- acyl-CoA oxidase activities as well as of 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase and thiol-protease protein contentse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by the increase of endopeptidase, xanthine oxidase, isocitrate lyase and acyl-CoA oxidase activities as well as of 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase and thiol-protease protein contents.”
t0“pea plants”
e1“Foliar or root 2,4-D applications”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D did not cause pea leaf peroxisome proliferation.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- proliferation of pea leaf peroxisomese0
- Direction
- did not inducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2,4-D did not induce proliferation of pea leaf peroxisomes but induced senescence-like morphological changes in these organelles.”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D caused senescence-like morphological changes in pea leaf peroxisomes.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- senescence-like morphological changese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2,4-D did not induce proliferation of pea leaf peroxisomes but induced senescence-like morphological changes in these organelles.”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors suggest peroxisomes contribute to 2,4-D toxicity by overproducing damaging ROS.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- 2,4-D toxicitye0
- Qualifier
- overproducing cell-damaging ROSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results suggest that peroxisomes might contribute to 2,4-D toxicity in pea leaves by overproducing cell-damaging ROS”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors suggest peroxisomes participate in 2,4-D-induced pea leaf senescence.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Outcome
- leaf senescencee0
- Qualifier
- participating activelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by participating actively in 2,4-D-induced leaf senescence.”
t0“pea plants”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.