Abstract
The role of peroxisomes in the oxidative injury induced by the auxin herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in leaves of pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants was studied. Applications of (2,4-D) on leaves or to root substrate increased the superoxide radical production in leaf peroxisomes. Foliar application also increased H2O2 contents in leaf peroxisomes. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction was accompanied by oxidative stress, as shown by the changes in lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls, total and protein thiols, and by the up-regulation of the activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. Foliar or root 2,4-D applications also induced senescence symptoms in pea leaf peroxisomes, as shown by the decrease of protein content and glycolate oxidase and hydroxypyruvate reductase activities, and by the increase of endopeptidase, xanthine oxidase, isocitrate lyase and acyl-CoA oxidase activities as well as of 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase and thiol-protease protein contents. 2,4-D did not induce proliferation of pea leaf peroxisomes but induced senescence-like morphological changes in these organelles. Results suggest that peroxisomes might contribute to 2,4-D toxicity in pea leaves by overproducing cell-damaging ROS and by participating actively in 2,4-D-induced leaf senescence.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf or root 2,4-D application increased superoxide production in pea leaf peroxisomes.
- Taxon
- pea
Lathyrus oleraceuse1 - Organ / stage
- leaf peroxisomese0
- Treatment
- (2,4-D) on leaves or to root substratee0
- Outcome
- superoxide radical productione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Applications of (2,4-D) on leaves or to root substrate increased the superoxide radical production in leaf peroxisomes”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar 2,4-D increased hydrogen peroxide in leaf peroxisomes.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Organ / stage
- leaf peroxisomese0
- Treatment
- Foliar applicatione0
- Outcome
- H2O2 contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application also increased H2O2 contents in leaf peroxisomes”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
ROS overproduction accompanied oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzyme up-regulation.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Organ / stage
- leaf peroxisomese2
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction was accompanied by oxidative stress, as shown by the changes in lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls, total and protein thiols, and by the up-regulation of the activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants”
e2“superoxide radical production in leaf peroxisomes”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar or root 2,4-D reduced peroxisomal protein content and glycolate oxidase and hydroxypyruvate reductase activity.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Organ / stage
- leaf peroxisomese0
- Treatment
- Foliar or root 2,4-D applicationse0
- Outcome
- protein content and glycolate oxidase and hydroxypyruvate reductase activitiese0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar or root 2,4-D applications also induced senescence symptoms in pea leaf peroxisomes, as shown by the decrease of protein content and glycolate oxidase and hydroxypyruvate reductase activities”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar or root 2,4-D increased senescence-associated enzyme activities and protein contents.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Organ / stage
- leaf peroxisomese1
- Treatment
- Foliar or root 2,4-D applicationse1
- Outcome
- endopeptidase, xanthine oxidase, isocitrate lyase and acyl-CoA oxidase activitiese0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by the increase of endopeptidase, xanthine oxidase, isocitrate lyase and acyl-CoA oxidase activities as well as of 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase and thiol-protease protein contents”
e1“Foliar or root 2,4-D applications also induced senescence symptoms in pea leaf peroxisomes”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D did not induce pea leaf peroxisome proliferation.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- proliferation of pea leaf peroxisomese0
- Direction
- did not inducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2,4-D did not induce proliferation of pea leaf peroxisomes”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D induced senescence-like morphological changes in pea leaf peroxisomes.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- 2,4-De1
- Outcome
- senescence-like morphological changese0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but induced senescence-like morphological changes in these organelles”
e1“2,4-D did not induce proliferation of pea leaf peroxisomes”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest peroxisomes contribute to 2,4-D toxicity through damaging ROS production and leaf senescence.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Organ / stage
- pea leavese0
- Outcome
- 2,4-D toxicitye0
- Qualifier
- overproducing cell-damaging ROSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“peroxisomes might contribute to 2,4-D toxicity in pea leaves by overproducing cell-damaging ROS and by participating actively in 2,4-D-induced leaf senescence”
The same questions in other papers
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1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
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2,4-D · physiology: enzyme activity · Lathyrus oleraceus (pea)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
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2,4-D · physiology: oxidative · Lathyrus oleraceus (pea)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
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1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →application · physiology: enzyme activity · Lathyrus oleraceus (pea)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
application · physiology: oxidative · Lathyrus oleraceus (pea)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →growing medium · physiology: oxidative · Lathyrus oleraceus (pea)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.