Abstract
Experiments were conducted in Nigeria to evaluate the optimum plant population density for okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus ) sown in monoculture or intercropped with cassava ( Manihot esculenta ). The crops were sown as late and early season crops in 1997 and 1998. Okra was sown at varied spacings to achieve final plant densities of 25000, 35000 and 50000 plants/ha in both monoculture and mixed stands. Intercropping had no significant effect on okra phenology (time to vegetative growth, flowering and fruiting). However, it significantly reduced weed growth by 25–45% and nematode infection in okra by 36%, and kept the canopy environment of cassava cooler by 3·0–4·4°C and more moist by 5–10g/kg, compared with monoculture. The durations of vegetative and reproductive growth and the weed-control ability of okra in both cropping systems were influenced by population density. Okra sown at 50000 plants/ha took the longest time to reach specific phenological stages, controlled weeds best and gave the highest fresh pod yields in both seasons. There was little increase in pod yields between 35000 and 50000 plants/ha in mixed stands in late season sown crops. The growth and tuber yield of cassava were not significantly affected by intercropping and okra population density. The growth of okra and cassava were better with early than late season sowing, irrespective of okra population density or cropping system. This appears to have been due mainly to the effect of temperature and rainfall differences between the seasons. The substantial variation in the weather during the two seasons also had greater effect in monoculture than mixed stands. It is concluded that when rainfall is limiting, okra could be intercropped with cassava using population density up to 35000 plants/ha to allow the vegetable to develop and to maximize pod yield under the relatively dry conditions. The optimum target suggested is 50000–60000 plants/ha during the wet periods.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping with cassava had no significant effect on okra phenology (time to vegetative growth, flowering and fruiting).
- Taxon
- okra
.jpg?width=60)
Abelmoschus esculentuse0 - Treatment
- Intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- okra phenologye0
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Intercropping had no significant effect on okra phenology (time to vegetative growth, flowering and fruiting)”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping significantly reduced weed growth by 25-45% compared with monoculture.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse1
- Treatment
- Intercroppinge0
- Interactor
- weede1weed
- Outcome
- weed growthe1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 25–45%e1
- Comparator
- monoculturee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intercropping”
e1“it significantly reduced weed growth by 25–45% and nematode infection in okra by 36%, and kept the canopy environment of cassava cooler by 3·0–4·4°C and more moist by 5–10g/kg, compared with monoculture”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping significantly reduced nematode infection in okra by 36% compared with monoculture.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse1
- Treatment
- Intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- nematode infectione1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 36%e1
- Comparator
- monoculturee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intercropping”
e1“it significantly reduced weed growth by 25–45% and nematode infection in okra by 36%, and kept the canopy environment of cassava cooler by 3·0–4·4°C and more moist by 5–10g/kg, compared with monoculture”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping kept the canopy environment of cassava cooler by 3.0-4.4 degrees C compared with monoculture.
- Taxon
- cassava
Manihot esculentae1 - Treatment
- Intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- canopy environment of cassavae1
- Direction
- coolere1
- Value
- 3·0–4·4°Ce1
- Comparator
- monoculturee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intercropping”
e1“it significantly reduced weed growth by 25–45% and nematode infection in okra by 36%, and kept the canopy environment of cassava cooler by 3·0–4·4°C and more moist by 5–10g/kg, compared with monoculture”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping kept the canopy environment of cassava more moist by 5-10 g/kg compared with monoculture.
- Taxon
- cassavaManihot esculentae1
- Treatment
- Intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- canopy environment of cassavae1
- Direction
- more moiste1
- Value
- 5–10g/kge1
- Comparator
- monoculturee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intercropping”
e1“it significantly reduced weed growth by 25–45% and nematode infection in okra by 36%, and kept the canopy environment of cassava cooler by 3·0–4·4°C and more moist by 5–10g/kg, compared with monoculture”
Claim · model-written summary
The durations of vegetative and reproductive growth of okra in both cropping systems were influenced by population density.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Treatment
- population densitye0
- Outcome
- durations of vegetative and reproductive growthe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The durations of vegetative and reproductive growth and the weed-control ability of okra in both cropping systems were influenced by population density”
Claim · model-written summary
The weed-control ability of okra in both cropping systems was influenced by population density.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Treatment
- population densitye0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed-control ability of okrae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The durations of vegetative and reproductive growth and the weed-control ability of okra in both cropping systems were influenced by population density”
Claim · model-written summary
Okra sown at 50000 plants/ha took the longest time to reach specific phenological stages.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Treatment
- 50000 plants/hae0
- Outcome
- time to reach specific phenological stagese0
- Direction
- longeste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Okra sown at 50000 plants/ha took the longest time to reach specific phenological stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Okra sown at 50000 plants/ha controlled weeds best.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Treatment
- 50000 plants/hae0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- controlled weedse0
- Direction
- beste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Okra sown at 50000 plants/ha took the longest time to reach specific phenological stages, controlled weeds best”
Claim · model-written summary
Okra sown at 50000 plants/ha gave the highest fresh pod yields in both seasons.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Treatment
- 50000 plants/hae0
- Outcome
- fresh pod yieldse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- in both seasonse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Okra sown at 50000 plants/ha took the longest time to reach specific phenological stages, controlled weeds best and gave the highest fresh pod yields in both seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
There was little increase in okra pod yields between 35000 and 50000 plants/ha in mixed stands in late season sown crops.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- 35000 and 50000 plants/hae0
- Outcome
- pod yieldse0
- Direction
- little increasee0
- Setting
- mixed standse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“okra”
e0“There was little increase in pod yields between 35000 and 50000 plants/ha in mixed stands in late season sown crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Cassava growth and tuber yield were not significantly affected by intercropping and okra population density.
- Taxon
- cassavaManihot esculentae0
- Treatment
- intercropping and okra population densitye0
- Outcome
- growth and tuber yielde0
- Direction
- not significantly affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The growth and tuber yield of cassava were not significantly affected by intercropping and okra population density”
Claim · model-written summary
Okra growth was better with early than late season sowing, irrespective of okra population density or cropping system.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Treatment
- early than late season sowinge0
- Outcome
- growth of okrae0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- late season sowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The growth of okra and cassava were better with early than late season sowing, irrespective of okra population density or cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Cassava growth was better with early than late season sowing, irrespective of okra population density or cropping system.
- Taxon
- cassavaManihot esculentae0
- Treatment
- early than late season sowinge0
- Outcome
- growth of okra and cassavae0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- late season sowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The growth of okra and cassava were better with early than late season sowing, irrespective of okra population density or cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
The better growth of okra with early sowing appears to be due mainly to temperature and rainfall differences between the seasons.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Outcome
- growth of okra and cassavae0
- Qualifier
- temperature and rainfall differences between the seasonse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The growth of okra and cassava were better with early than late season sowing, irrespective of okra population density or cropping system. This appears to have been due mainly to the effect of temperature and rainfall differences between the seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
The better growth of cassava with early sowing appears to be due mainly to temperature and rainfall differences between the seasons.
- Taxon
- cassavaManihot esculentae0
- Outcome
- growth of okra and cassavae0
- Qualifier
- temperature and rainfall differences between the seasonse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The growth of okra and cassava were better with early than late season sowing, irrespective of okra population density or cropping system. This appears to have been due mainly to the effect of temperature and rainfall differences between the seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
The substantial variation in weather between the two seasons had a greater effect in monoculture than in mixed stands.
- Treatment
- variation in the weathere0
- Outcome
- effecte0
- Direction
- greater effecte0
- Comparator
- mixed standse0
- Setting
- monoculturee0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The substantial variation in the weather during the two seasons also had greater effect in monoculture than mixed stands”
Claim · model-written summary
When rainfall is limiting, okra could be intercropped with cassava at population density up to 35000 plants/ha to allow the vegetable to develop and to maximize pod yield under relatively dry conditions.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Outcome
- maximize pod yielde0
- Value
- 35000 plants/hae0
- Setting
- relatively dry conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“when rainfall is limiting, okra could be intercropped with cassava using population density up to 35000 plants/ha to allow the vegetable to develop and to maximize pod yield under the relatively dry conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
The suggested optimum okra target is 50000-60000 plants/ha during the wet periods.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Outcome
- optimum targete0
- Value
- 50000–60000 plants/hae0
- Qualifier
- during the wet periodse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“okra”
e0“The optimum target suggested is 50000–60000 plants/ha during the wet periods”
The same questions in other papers
Abelmoschus esculentus · yield · Manihot esculenta (cassava)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
intercropping · yield · Manihot esculenta (cassava)Results differ
29 papers in the same direction as this paper · 48 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
74 papers more in this group
See all 78 papers →intercropping · weed · Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- positive
- positive
intercropping · quality: phytochemicals · Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.