Abstract
Experiments to evaluate the optimum sowing date for okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus ) sown in monoculture or in mixed stands with cassava ( Manihot esculenta ) were sited on free-draining sandy loam soils in southwestern Nigeria. Okra was sown at the end of July, in mid-August and early September as a late-season crop in 1999 and at the end of May, in early June and at the end of June as an early-season crop in 2000. It was sown at seed rates sufficient to achieve final population densities of 33000 and 40000 plants/ha in late-season crops (1999) and early-season crops (2000), respectively. The late-season crops had shorter growth duration, received less rainfall, and experienced cooler temperatures during establishment and the early vegetative stage, and warmer temperatures during the reproductive phase than the early-season crops. Intercropping had no significant effect on the growth and tuber yields of cassava, or on phenology (i.e. time to vegetative growth, flowering and fruiting) and pod yield of okra in both seasons. However, it reduced weed growth by 35–57%, and kept both the soil and canopy environments of cassava cooler by 2·3–5·8 °C and more moist by 15–30 g/kg, compared with monoculture. The phenology and pod yields of the early- and late-season okra in both cropping systems were dependent on sowing date, indicating that okra production is only suitable at particular sowing dates in both seasons. July-sown okra in the 1999 late-season and May-sown crop in the 2000 early-season took progressively the longest time (i.e. 3–10 and 2–5 days, respectively) to flower and fruit, but these crops controlled weeds and modified the cassava environment better than the rest, and gave the highest fresh pod yields and economic returns. It took okra pods longer to reach marketable size in the late season than early season (i.e. 5–9 v . 2–6 days). It is concluded that the optimal sowing date to attain maximum pod yield and economic returns from late-season okra is July or August and from early-season crop is May or early June. Bearing in mind financial constraints and production costs, the optimal season target for maximum edible pods is the early season and for maximum economic returns is the late season.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping did not significantly affect cassava growth or tuber yield.
- Taxon
- cassava
Manihot esculentat0 - Treatment
- Intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- growth and tuber yieldse0
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intercropping had no significant effect on the growth and tuber yields of cassava”
t0“cassava”
e1“more moist by 15–30 g/kg, compared with monoculture”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping did not significantly affect okra phenology or pod yield.
- Taxon
- okra
.jpg?width=60)
Abelmoschus esculentust0 - Treatment
- Intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- phenology (i.e. time to vegetative growth, flowering and fruiting) and pod yielde0
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Intercropping had no significant effect on the growth and tuber yields of cassava, or on phenology (i.e. time to vegetative growth, flowering and fruiting) and pod yield of okra in both seasons”
t0“okra”
e1“more moist by 15–30 g/kg, compared with monoculture”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping reduced weed growth by 35–57%.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Outcome
- weed growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 35–57%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it reduced weed growth by 35–57%”
t0“okra”
e1“Intercropping had no significant effect on the growth and tuber yields of cassava”
e2“more moist by 15–30 g/kg, compared with monoculture”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping cooled cassava soil and canopy by 2·3–5·8 °C.
- Taxon
- cassavaManihot esculentat0e1
- Outcome
- soil and canopy environmentse0
- Direction
- coolere0
- Value
- 2·3–5·8 °Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“kept both the soil and canopy environments of cassava cooler by 2·3–5·8 °C”
t0“cassava”
e1“Intercropping had no significant effect on the growth and tuber yields of cassava”
e2“more moist by 15–30 g/kg, compared with monoculture”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping increased cassava environment moisture by 15–30 g/kg.
- Taxon
- cassavaManihot esculentat0e1
- Outcome
- moiste0
- Direction
- more moiste0
- Value
- 15–30 g/kge0
- Comparator
- monoculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“more moist by 15–30 g/kg, compared with monoculture”
t0“cassava”
e1“Intercropping had no significant effect on the growth and tuber yields of cassava”
Claim · model-written summary
Okra phenology and pod yield depended on sowing date.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Treatment
- sowing datee0
- Outcome
- phenology and pod yieldse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The phenology and pod yields of the early- and late-season okra in both cropping systems were dependent on sowing date”
Claim · model-written summary
July-sown late-season okra took the longest to flower and fruit, 3–10 days.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Treatment
- July-sowne0
- Outcome
- flower and fruite0
- Direction
- longeste0
- Value
- 3–10e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“July-sown okra in the 1999 late-season and May-sown crop in the 2000 early-season took progressively the longest time (i.e. 3–10 and 2–5 days, respectively) to flower and fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
May-sown early-season okra took the longest to flower and fruit, 2–5 days.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- May-sowne0
- Outcome
- flower and fruite0
- Direction
- longeste0
- Value
- 2–5 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“May-sown crop in the 2000 early-season took progressively the longest time (i.e. 3–10 and 2–5 days, respectively) to flower and fruit”
t0“okra”
Claim · model-written summary
July and May sowings gave the highest fresh pod yields and economic returns.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Treatment
- July-sown okrae0
- Outcome
- fresh pod yields and economic returnse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- the reste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“July-sown okra in the 1999 late-season and May-sown crop in the 2000 early-season took progressively the longest time (i.e. 3–10 and 2–5 days, respectively) to flower and fruit, but these crops controlled weeds and modified the cassava environment better than the rest, and gave the highest fresh pod yields and economic returns”
Claim · model-written summary
Okra pods reached marketable size more slowly in the late than early season.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Outcome
- reach marketable sizee0
- Direction
- longere0
- Value
- 5–9 v . 2–6 dayse0
- Comparator
- early seasone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It took okra pods longer to reach marketable size in the late season than early season (i.e. 5–9 v . 2–6 days)”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend July or August for late-season yield and returns.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Treatment
- July or Auguste0
- Outcome
- optimal sowing datee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the optimal sowing date to attain maximum pod yield and economic returns from late-season okra is July or August”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend May or early June for early-season yield and returns.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Outcome
- May or early Junee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“from early-season crop is May or early June”
t0“okra”
The same questions in other papers
intercropping · yield · Manihot esculenta (cassava)Results differ
29 papers in the same direction as this paper · 48 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- positive
74 papers more in this group
See all 78 papers →intercropping · weed · Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- positive
- positive
intercropping · quality: phytochemicals · Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- no effect
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.