Abstract
ABSTRACT High bicarbonate (HCO3 −) of irrigation water can be detrimental to plant growth in sustainable horticultural production systems. The ability of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), ZAC-19, (composed of Glomus albidum, Glomus claroideum, and Glomus diaphanum) to enhance tolerance to HCO3 − was tested on Rosa multiflora cv. Burr. Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonized and non-inoculated (non-AMF) plants were treated with 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 mM HCO3 −. Increasing HCO3 − concentration and associated high pH and electrical conductivity (EC)—reduced plant growth, nutrient uptake, and acid phosphatase activity, while increasing alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP). Inoculation with AMF enhanced plant tolerance to HCO3 −, as indicated by greater growth (leaf, stem, and total plant dry weight, leaf area and leaf area ratio), leaf elemental concentration [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), boron (B)], leaf chlorophyll concentration, higher mycorrhizal inoculation effect, lower root Fe reductase activity, and generally lower soluble ALP activity. While AMF colonization was reduced by increasing HCO3 − concentration, colonization still occurred at high HCO3 − concentration. At 2.5 mM HCO3 −, AMF plant growth was comparable to plants at 0 mM HCO3 −, further indicating the beneficial effect of AMF for alleviation of HCO3 − plant stress.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing bicarbonate reduced plant growth and nutrient uptake.
- Taxon
- Rosa multiflora
Rosa multiflorae1 - Treatment
- Increasing HCO3 − concentratione0
- Outcome
- plant growth, nutrient uptakee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing HCO3 − concentration and associated high pH and electrical conductivity (EC)—reduced plant growth, nutrient uptake, and acid phosphatase activity”
e1“tested on Rosa multiflora cv. Burr.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing bicarbonate reduced acid phosphatase activity.
- Taxon
- Rosa multifloraRosa multiflorae1
- Treatment
- Increasing HCO3 − concentratione0
- Outcome
- acid phosphatase activitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing HCO3 − concentration and associated high pH and electrical conductivity (EC)—reduced plant growth, nutrient uptake, and acid phosphatase activity”
e1“tested on Rosa multiflora cv. Burr.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing bicarbonate increased alkaline phosphatase activity.
- Taxon
- Rosa multifloraRosa multiflorae2
- Treatment
- Increasing HCO3 − concentratione1
- Outcome
- alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP)e0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while increasing alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP).”
e1“Increasing HCO3 − concentration and associated high pH and electrical conductivity (EC)”
e2“tested on Rosa multiflora cv. Burr.”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation increased Rosa multiflora growth under bicarbonate.
- Taxon
- Rosa multifloraRosa multiflorae1
- Treatment
- Inoculation with AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- growth (leaf, stem, and total plant dry weight, leaf area and leaf area ratio)e0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated (non-AMF) plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with AMF enhanced plant tolerance to HCO3 −, as indicated by greater growth (leaf, stem, and total plant dry weight, leaf area and leaf area ratio)”
e1“tested on Rosa multiflora cv. Burr.”
e2“non-inoculated (non-AMF) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation increased leaf elemental concentration under bicarbonate.
- Taxon
- Rosa multifloraRosa multiflorae1
- Treatment
- Inoculation with AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- leaf elemental concentratione0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated (non-AMF) plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with AMF enhanced plant tolerance to HCO3 −, as indicated by greater growth (leaf, stem, and total plant dry weight, leaf area and leaf area ratio), leaf elemental concentration [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), boron (B)]”
e1“tested on Rosa multiflora cv. Burr.”
e2“non-inoculated (non-AMF) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation increased leaf chlorophyll concentration under bicarbonate.
- Taxon
- Rosa multifloraRosa multiflorae2
- Treatment
- Inoculation with AMFe1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll concentratione0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated (non-AMF) plantse3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf chlorophyll concentration, higher mycorrhizal inoculation effect, lower root Fe reductase activity, and generally lower soluble ALP activity.”
e1“Inoculation with AMF enhanced plant tolerance to HCO3 −”
e2“tested on Rosa multiflora cv. Burr.”
e3“non-inoculated (non-AMF) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation increased mycorrhizal inoculation effect.
- Taxon
- Rosa multifloraRosa multiflorae2
- Treatment
- Inoculation with AMFe1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- mycorrhizal inoculation effecte0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated (non-AMF) plantse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher mycorrhizal inoculation effect, lower root Fe reductase activity, and generally lower soluble ALP activity.”
e1“Inoculation with AMF enhanced plant tolerance to HCO3 −”
e2“tested on Rosa multiflora cv. Burr.”
e3“non-inoculated (non-AMF) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation lowered root Fe reductase activity.
- Taxon
- Rosa multifloraRosa multiflorae2
- Treatment
- Inoculation with AMFe1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- root Fe reductase activitye0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated (non-AMF) plantse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower root Fe reductase activity, and generally lower soluble ALP activity.”
e1“Inoculation with AMF enhanced plant tolerance to HCO3 −”
e2“tested on Rosa multiflora cv. Burr.”
e3“non-inoculated (non-AMF) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation generally lowered soluble ALP activity.
- Taxon
- Rosa multifloraRosa multiflorae2
- Treatment
- Inoculation with AMFe1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- soluble ALP activitye0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated (non-AMF) plantse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“generally lower soluble ALP activity.”
e1“Inoculation with AMF enhanced plant tolerance to HCO3 −”
e2“tested on Rosa multiflora cv. Burr.”
e3“non-inoculated (non-AMF) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing bicarbonate reduced AMF colonization, though colonization persisted at high concentration.
- Taxon
- Rosa multifloraRosa multiflorae1
- Treatment
- increasing HCO3 − concentratione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- AMF colonizatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“While AMF colonization was reduced by increasing HCO3 − concentration, colonization still occurred at high HCO3 − concentration.”
e1“tested on Rosa multiflora cv. Burr.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 2.5 mM bicarbonate, AMF plant growth was comparable to growth at 0 mM.
- Taxon
- Rosa multifloraRosa multiflorae1
- Treatment
- 2.5 mM HCO3 −e0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- AMF plant growthe0
- Direction
- comparablee0
- Comparator
- 0 mM HCO3 −e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 2.5 mM HCO3 −, AMF plant growth was comparable to plants at 0 mM HCO3 −”
e1“tested on Rosa multiflora cv. Burr.”
The same questions in other papers
hydrogencarbonate · disease · Rosa multiflora (Japanese rose)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
hydrogencarbonate · soil: biology · Rosa multiflora (Japanese rose)Results agree
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- negative
- negative
hydrogencarbonate · growth · Rosa multiflora (Japanese rose)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
mycorrhiza · growth · Rosa multiflora (Japanese rose)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
inoculation · growth · Rosa multiflora (Japanese rose)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
inoculation · physiology: pigments · Rosa multiflora (Japanese rose)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
mycorrhiza · physiology: pigments · Rosa multiflora (Japanese rose)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.