Abstract
Six experiments were conducted in central Queensland to compare the efficacy of some post-emergence herbicides and mixtures in controlling black pigweed (Trianthema portulacastrum) and sesbania pea (Sesbania cannabina). The herbicides tested were atrazine, 2,4-D, dicamba, picloram plus 2,4-D, and fluroxypyr and mixtures of atrazine with 2,4-D, dicamba, picloram plus 2,4-D, fluroxypyr or tridiphane. In addition, 4 experiments were conducted to assess the tolerance of 5 sorghum cultivars (Sorghum bicolor) to some of these individual herbicides and atrazine mixtures. Small black pigweed and sesbania pea (< 10 cm diameter) were controlled with atrazine at 1.0 kg a.i./ ha, while for larger black pigweed (up to 15 cm diameter) atrazine at 2.25 kg/ha and atrazine mixtures were effective and for sesbania pea (up to 12 cm high) atrazine at 2.25 kg/ha, picloram plus 2,4-D at 35 + 140 g a.i./ha, fluroxypyr at 0.3 kg a.i./ha and atrazine mixtures were effective. In general, control of both weeds by mixtures with atrazine at 1.0 kg/ha was as effective as atrazine at 2.25 kg/ha alone. In the tolerance experiments the treatments were applied at 18-20 days after planting when the number of sorghum leaves was 4-6. Spraying with 2,4-D, dicamba, MCPA, picloram plus 2,4-D and atrazine mixtures with 2,4-D, dicamba and picloram plus 2,4-D consistently caused injury symptoms, delayed flowering and sometimes reduced grain yield. However, the susceptibility of sorghum to these treatments varied with seasons and cultivars. Overall, yield reductions were less when 2,4-D, dicamba and MCPA were applied at lower rates in the atrazine mixtures than when applied alone. All sorghum cultivars were tolerant of atrazine at 4.5 kg/ha. For effective control of both weeds, for crop safety and for minimum atrazine residues after harvest, we recommend that the weeds black pigweed and sesbania pea be sprayed when less than 10 cm in diameter or height, respectively, with atrazine at 1.0 kg/ha.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine at 1.0 kg a.i./ ha controlled small black pigweed.
- Treatment
- atrazine at 1.0 kg a.i./ hae0
- Interactor
- black pigweede0weed
- Outcome
- black pigweede0
- Direction
- controllede0
SorghumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Small black pigweed and sesbania pea (< 10 cm diameter) were controlled with atrazine at 1.0 kg a.i./ ha”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine at 1.0 kg a.i./ ha controlled small sesbania pea.
- Treatment
- atrazine at 1.0 kg a.i./ hae0
- Interactor
- sesbania pea
Sesbania cannabinae0weed - Outcome
- sesbania peae0
- Direction
- controllede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Small black pigweed and sesbania pea (< 10 cm diameter) were controlled with atrazine at 1.0 kg a.i./ ha”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine at 2.25 kg/ha controlled larger black pigweed.
- Treatment
- atrazine at 2.25 kg/hae0
- Interactor
- black pigweede0weed
- Outcome
- black pigweede0
- Direction
- effectivee0
- Qualifier
- up to 15 cm diametere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for larger black pigweed (up to 15 cm diameter) atrazine at 2.25 kg/ha and atrazine mixtures were effective”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine mixtures controlled larger black pigweed.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for larger black pigweed (up to 15 cm diameter) atrazine at 2.25 kg/ha and atrazine mixtures were effective”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine at 2.25 kg/ha controlled larger sesbania pea.
- Treatment
- atrazine at 2.25 kg/hae0
- Interactor
- sesbania peaSesbania cannabinae0weed
- Outcome
- sesbania peae0
- Direction
- effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for sesbania pea (up to 12 cm high) atrazine at 2.25 kg/ha, picloram plus 2,4-D at 35 + 140 g a.i./ha, fluroxypyr at 0.3 kg a.i./ha and atrazine mixtures were effective.”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Picloram plus 2,4-D controlled larger sesbania pea.
- Treatment
- picloram plus 2,4-D at 35 + 140 g a.i./hae0
- Interactor
- sesbania peaSesbania cannabinae0weed
- Outcome
- sesbania peae0
- Direction
- effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for sesbania pea (up to 12 cm high) atrazine at 2.25 kg/ha, picloram plus 2,4-D at 35 + 140 g a.i./ha, fluroxypyr at 0.3 kg a.i./ha and atrazine mixtures were effective.”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluroxypyr controlled larger sesbania pea.
- Treatment
- fluroxypyr at 0.3 kg a.i./hae0
- Interactor
- sesbania peaSesbania cannabinae0weed
- Outcome
- sesbania peae0
- Direction
- effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for sesbania pea (up to 12 cm high) atrazine at 2.25 kg/ha, picloram plus 2,4-D at 35 + 140 g a.i./ha, fluroxypyr at 0.3 kg a.i./ha and atrazine mixtures were effective.”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine mixtures controlled larger sesbania pea.
- Treatment
- atrazine mixturese0
- Interactor
- sesbania peaSesbania cannabinae0weed
- Outcome
- sesbania peae0
- Direction
- effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for sesbania pea (up to 12 cm high) atrazine at 2.25 kg/ha, picloram plus 2,4-D at 35 + 140 g a.i./ha, fluroxypyr at 0.3 kg a.i./ha and atrazine mixtures were effective.”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine mixtures at 1.0 kg/ha controlled both weeds as effectively as atrazine alone at 2.25 kg/ha.
- Treatment
- mixtures with atrazine at 1.0 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- control of both weedse0
- Direction
- as effectivee0
- Comparator
- atrazine at 2.25 kg/ha alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“control of both weeds by mixtures with atrazine at 1.0 kg/ha was as effective as atrazine at 2.25 kg/ha alone.”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Several herbicide treatments caused sorghum injury symptoms.
- Treatment
- 2,4-D, dicamba, MCPA, picloram plus 2,4-D and atrazine mixtures with 2,4-D, dicamba and picloram plus 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- injury symptomse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spraying with 2,4-D, dicamba, MCPA, picloram plus 2,4-D and atrazine mixtures with 2,4-D, dicamba and picloram plus 2,4-D consistently caused injury symptoms, delayed flowering and sometimes reduced grain yield.”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
These herbicide treatments delayed sorghum flowering.
- Treatment
- 2,4-D, dicamba, MCPA, picloram plus 2,4-D and atrazine mixtures with 2,4-D, dicamba and picloram plus 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spraying with 2,4-D, dicamba, MCPA, picloram plus 2,4-D and atrazine mixtures with 2,4-D, dicamba and picloram plus 2,4-D consistently caused injury symptoms, delayed flowering and sometimes reduced grain yield.”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
These herbicide treatments sometimes reduced sorghum grain yield.
- Treatment
- 2,4-D, dicamba, MCPA, picloram plus 2,4-D and atrazine mixtures with 2,4-D, dicamba and picloram plus 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- sometimese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spraying with 2,4-D, dicamba, MCPA, picloram plus 2,4-D and atrazine mixtures with 2,4-D, dicamba and picloram plus 2,4-D consistently caused injury symptoms, delayed flowering and sometimes reduced grain yield.”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Sorghum susceptibility to the herbicides varied with seasons and cultivars.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the susceptibility of sorghum to these treatments varied with seasons and cultivars.”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield reductions were smaller with lower rate herbicides in atrazine mixtures than alone.
- Treatment
- 2,4-D, dicamba and MCPA were applied at lower rates in the atrazine mixturese0
- Outcome
- yield reductionse0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- when applied alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield reductions were less when 2,4-D, dicamba and MCPA were applied at lower rates in the atrazine mixtures than when applied alone.”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
All sorghum cultivars tolerated atrazine at 4.5 kg/ha.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All sorghum cultivars were tolerant of atrazine at 4.5 kg/ha.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend spraying black pigweed under 10 cm with atrazine at 1.0 kg/ha.
- Interactor
- black pigweede0weed
- Outcome
- black pigweed and sesbania pea be sprayed when less than 10 cm in diameter or height, respectively, with atrazine at 1.0 kg/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we recommend that the weeds black pigweed and sesbania pea be sprayed when less than 10 cm in diameter or height, respectively, with atrazine at 1.0 kg/ha.”
t0“sorghum”
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See all 20 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.