Abstract
Copper-based fungicides have been widely used against several grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) diseases since the late 1800s when the Bordeaux mixture was developed, but their intensive use has raised phytotoxicity concerns. In this study, physiological, biochemical and molecular approaches were combined to investigate the impacts of copper in grape cells and how it is transported and compartmented intracellularly. Copper reduced the growth and viability of grape cells (CSB, Cabernet Sauvignon Berry) in a dose-dependent manner above 100 µM and was accumulated in specific metal ion sinks. The copper-sensitive probe Phen Green SK was used to characterize copper transport across the plasma membrane of CSB cells. The transport system (K(m) = 583 µM; V(max) = 177 × 10(-6) %ΔF min(-1) protoplast(-1)) was regulated by copper availability in the culture medium, stimulated by Ca(2+) and inhibited by Zn(2+). The pH-sensitive fluorescent probe ACMA (9-amino-6-chloro-2-methoxyacridine) was used to evaluate the involvement of proton-dependent copper transport across the tonoplast. Cu(2+) compartmentation in the vacuole was dependent on the transmembrane pH gradient generated by both V-H(+)-ATPase and V-H(+)-pyrophosphatase (PPase). High copper levels in the growth medium did not affect the activity of V-H(+)-PPase but decreased the magnitude of the H(+) gradient generated by V-H(+)-ATPase. Expression studies of VvCTr genes showed that VvCTr1 and VvCTr8 were distinctly affected by CuSO(4) availability in grape cell cultures and that both genes were highly expressed in the green stage of grape berries.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Copper reduced grape cell growth above 100 µM in a dose-dependent manner.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Copper reduced the growth and viability of grape cells (CSB, Cabernet Sauvignon Berry) in a dose-dependent manner above 100 µM and was accumulated in specific metal ion sinks.”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper reduced grape cell viability above 100 µM in a dose-dependent manner.
- Taxon
- grapee0
- Material
- CSBe0
- Treatment
- Coppere0
- Outcome
- viabilitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- above 100 µMe0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Copper reduced the growth and viability of grape cells (CSB, Cabernet Sauvignon Berry) in a dose-dependent manner above 100 µM and was accumulated in specific metal ion sinks.”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper accumulated in specific metal ion sinks in grape cells.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Copper reduced the growth and viability of grape cells (CSB, Cabernet Sauvignon Berry) in a dose-dependent manner above 100 µM and was accumulated in specific metal ion sinks.”
Claim · model-written summary
Grape cell copper transport had K(m) 583 µM.
Verbatim
e0“The transport system (K(m) = 583 µM; V(max) = 177 × 10(-6) %ΔF min(-1) protoplast(-1)) was regulated by copper availability in the culture medium, stimulated by Ca(2+) and inhibited by Zn(2+).”
t0“Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
Grape cell copper transport had V(max) 177 × 10(-6) %ΔF min(-1) protoplast(-1).
Verbatim
e0“The transport system (K(m) = 583 µM; V(max) = 177 × 10(-6) %ΔF min(-1) protoplast(-1)) was regulated by copper availability in the culture medium, stimulated by Ca(2+) and inhibited by Zn(2+).”
t0“Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper availability regulated the grape cell transport system.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The transport system (K(m) = 583 µM; V(max) = 177 × 10(-6) %ΔF min(-1) protoplast(-1)) was regulated by copper availability in the culture medium, stimulated by Ca(2+) and inhibited by Zn(2+).”
t0“Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
Ca(2+) stimulated the grape cell transport system.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The transport system (K(m) = 583 µM; V(max) = 177 × 10(-6) %ΔF min(-1) protoplast(-1)) was regulated by copper availability in the culture medium, stimulated by Ca(2+) and inhibited by Zn(2+).”
t0“Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn(2+) inhibited the grape cell transport system.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The transport system (K(m) = 583 µM; V(max) = 177 × 10(-6) %ΔF min(-1) protoplast(-1)) was regulated by copper availability in the culture medium, stimulated by Ca(2+) and inhibited by Zn(2+).”
t0“Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
Vacuolar Cu(2+) compartmentation depended on a proton gradient generated by V-H(+)-ATPase and V-H(+)-PPase.
Verbatim
e0“Cu(2+) compartmentation in the vacuole was dependent on the transmembrane pH gradient generated by both V-H(+)-ATPase and V-H(+)-pyrophosphatase (PPase).”
t0“Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
High copper did not affect V-H(+)-PPase activity.
- Taxon
- grapet0
- Treatment
- High copper levelse0
- Gene
- V-H(+)-PPasee0
- Outcome
- activity of V-H(+)-PPasee0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“High copper levels in the growth medium did not affect the activity of V-H(+)-PPase”
t0“Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
High copper decreased the proton gradient generated by V-H(+)-ATPase.
- Taxon
- grapet0
- Treatment
- High copper levelse0
- Gene
- V-H(+)-ATPasee0
- Outcome
- magnitude of the H(+) gradiente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“High copper levels in the growth medium did not affect the activity of V-H(+)-PPase but decreased the magnitude of the H(+) gradient generated by V-H(+)-ATPase.”
t0“Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
CuSO(4) availability distinctly affected VvCTr1 expression.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“VvCTr1 and VvCTr8 were distinctly affected by CuSO(4) availability in grape cell cultures”
Claim · model-written summary
CuSO(4) availability distinctly affected VvCTr8 expression.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“VvCTr1 and VvCTr8 were distinctly affected by CuSO(4) availability in grape cell cultures”
Claim · model-written summary
VvCTr1 was highly expressed in green grape berries.
Verbatim
e0“VvCTr1 and VvCTr8 were distinctly affected by CuSO(4) availability in grape cell cultures and that both genes were highly expressed in the green stage of grape berries.”
t0“Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
VvCTr8 was highly expressed in green grape berries.
Verbatim
e0“VvCTr1 and VvCTr8 were distinctly affected by CuSO(4) availability in grape cell cultures and that both genes were highly expressed in the green stage of grape berries.”
t0“Grape”
The same questions in other papers
copper atom · growth · VitisResults differ
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.