Abstract
본 연구의 목적은 벼 친환경재배 농가에서 사용되고 있는 다양한 유기자원들에 대한 잡초방제 효과와 문제점을 구명하여 친환경 벼 재배지에서 잡초관리기술을 확립하기 위하여 수행하였다. 친환경 벼 재배지에서 잡초발생밀도와 종류가 서로 다른 조건하에서 다양한 유기자원을 처리한 결과 왕우렁이, 종이멀칭 및 기계제초의 잡초방제 효과는 유사하였으나 쌀겨 및 EM당밀처리에서는 잡초발생량이 많은 처리구에서 적은 처리구에 비해 잡초방제 효과가 높았다. 일반적으로 유기자원처리에 의한 잡초방제 효과는 왕우렁이(97~100%) > 종이멀칭(93~98%) > 기계제초(73~75%) > 쌀겨(15~80%) > 당밀(7~31%) 순이었다. 왕우렁이는 여뀌를 제외하고 모든 초종에 대하여 높은 방제효과를 보였고, 종이멀칭도 피와 여뀌바늘, 올방개 등이 다소 발생하나 비교적 우수한 효과를 보였으며, 기계제초는 잡초종에 관계없이 전반적으로 70%의 방제효과를 보였다. 쌀겨/기계 및 EM/기계의 체계처리에 의한 잡초방제 효과는 각각의 단독처리에 비해 차이가 없었으나 쌀겨/ 왕우렁이 및 EM/왕우렁이 체계처리에 의해 100% 방제효과를 보였다. 다양한 유기자원 처리에 의한 벼 피해율은 왕우렁이와 기계제초(10~20%) > 쌀겨(10~15) > 종이멀칭 및 EM당밀(5~7%) 순으로 높았다. 피해증상은 유기자원에 따라 다소 다르지만 생육저해, 분얼경 가해 및 결주 등이다. 왕우렁이, 쌀겨, 당밀 및 종이피복의 잡초방제 비용은 제초제에 사용에 소요된 비용보다 각각 2.1, 3.1, 2.3 및 13.2배 높게 나타났다. 따라서 다양한 유기자원 중 친환경 벼 재배지에서 왕우렁이를 이용하여 잡초를 방제하는 것이 가장 적합할 것으로 사료된다. 추후 왕우렁이 농법 사용시 발생되는 제초비용과 벼 피해를 줄일 수 있는 연구가 수행되어야 할 것이다. The objective of this research was to find out the weed management techniques in environment-friendly rice paddy fields through the study on herbicidal effects and problems of various organic materials. This experiment was conducted under different conditions of weed species and weed densities in environment-friendly rice paddy fields. There was no difference in weedy efficacy on golden apple snail (GAS), paper mulching (PM), and machine weeding (MW) between low and high weed densities. However, the effect of weed control in rice bran (RB) and effective microorganism (EM) + molasses was higher in high weed density than in low weed density. In general, the effect of weed control as affected by various organic materials was in the order of GAS (97-100%) > PM (93-98%) > RB (15-80%) > EM (7-31%). GAS provided excellent control of all weed species tested except for Persicaria hydropiper. PM gave acceptable control of the weed species except for Echinochloa crus-galli, Ludwigia prostrata, and Eleocharis kuroguwai. However, MW gave fair control (70% biomass reduction) of all weed species tested. BR followed by MW or EM followed by MW treatments had similar effect on weed control compared to each treatment alone. However, BR followed by GAS or EM followed by GAS provided 100% control of weed species tested. The level of rice foliar injury caused by various organic materials was in the order of GAS and MW (10-20%) > RB (10-15%) > PM and EM (5-7%). Typical symptoms of organic materials are wilting, inhibition of growth, missing hill, and reduction of tiller. Cost for weed control of GAS, RB, EM, and PM were 2.1, 3.1, 2.3, and 13.2 times higher than that of the herbicide. These data indicate that GAS was the best method for weed management in environmentfriendly rice paddy fields. Further study is required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the rice injury as affected by GAS.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
GAS, PM and MW showed no difference in weed control efficacy between low and high weed densities.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- golden apple snail (GAS), paper mulching (PM), and machine weeding (MW)e1
- Interactor
- golden apple snail (GAS)e1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- weedy efficacye1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
- Setting
- between low and high weed densitiese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Paddy Fields”
e1“There was no difference in weedy efficacy on golden apple snail (GAS), paper mulching (PM), and machine weeding (MW) between low and high weed densities”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice bran and EM with molasses had a higher weed control effect at high weed density than at low weed density.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- rice bran (RB) and effective microorganism (EM) + molassese2
- Outcome
- effect of weed controle2
- Direction
- highere2
- Comparator
- low weed densitye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Paddy Fields”
e2“the effect of weed control in rice bran (RB) and effective microorganism (EM) + molasses was higher in high weed density than in low weed density”
Claim · model-written summary
Golden apple snail (GAS) gave 97-100% weed control.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GASe3
- Interactor
- GASe3biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- effect of weed controle3
- Direction
- higherinferrede3
- Value
- 97-100%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Paddy Fields”
e3“the effect of weed control as affected by various organic materials was in the order of GAS (97-100%) > PM (93-98%) > RB (15-80%) > EM (7-31%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Paper mulching (PM) gave 93-98% weed control.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- PMe3
- Outcome
- effect of weed controle3
- Direction
- higherinferrede3
- Value
- 93-98%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Paddy Fields”
e3“the effect of weed control as affected by various organic materials was in the order of GAS (97-100%) > PM (93-98%) > RB (15-80%) > EM (7-31%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice bran (RB) gave 15-80% weed control.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- RBe3
- Outcome
- effect of weed controle3
- Direction
- higherinferrede3
- Value
- 15-80%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Paddy Fields”
e3“the effect of weed control as affected by various organic materials was in the order of GAS (97-100%) > PM (93-98%) > RB (15-80%) > EM (7-31%)”
Claim · model-written summary
EM gave 7-31% weed control.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- EMe3
- Outcome
- effect of weed controle3
- Direction
- higherinferrede3
- Value
- 7-31%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Paddy Fields”
e3“the effect of weed control as affected by various organic materials was in the order of GAS (97-100%) > PM (93-98%) > RB (15-80%) > EM (7-31%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Machine weeding (MW) reduced weed biomass by 70%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- MWe6
- Interactor
- weed speciese6weed
- Outcome
- biomasse6
- Direction
- reductione6
- Value
- 70%e6
- Qualifier
- fair controle6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Paddy Fields”
e6“However, MW gave fair control (70% biomass reduction) of all weed species tested”
Claim · model-written summary
Paper mulching (PM) gave acceptable weed control except for three weed species.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- PMe5
- Interactor
- weed speciese5weed
- Outcome
- control of the weed speciese5
- Qualifier
- except for Echinochloa crus-galli, Ludwigia prostrata, and Eleocharis kuroguwaie5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Paddy Fields”
e5“PM gave acceptable control of the weed species except for Echinochloa crus-galli, Ludwigia prostrata, and Eleocharis kuroguwai”
Claim · model-written summary
GAS gave excellent weed control of all tested weed species except Persicaria hydropiper.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GASe4
- Interactor
- weed speciese4weed
- Outcome
- control of all weed species testede4
- Qualifier
- except for Persicaria hydropipere4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Paddy Fields”
e4“GAS provided excellent control of all weed species tested except for Persicaria hydropiper”
Claim · model-written summary
BR followed by GAS and EM followed by GAS provided 100% weed control.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- BR followed by GAS or EM followed by GASe0
- Interactor
- weed speciese0weed
- Second interactor
- GASe0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- control of weed species testede0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Paddy Fields”
e0“BR followed by GAS or EM followed by GAS provided 100% control of weed species tested”
Claim · model-written summary
GAS and MW raised rice foliar injury to 10-20%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GAS and MWe2
- Outcome
- level of rice foliar injurye2
- Direction
- higherinferrede2
- Value
- 10-20%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Paddy Fields”
e2“The level of rice foliar injury caused by various organic materials was in the order of GAS and MW (10-20%) > RB (10-15%) > PM and EM (5-7%)”
Claim · model-written summary
RB raised rice foliar injury to 10-15%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- RBe2
- Outcome
- level of rice foliar injurye2
- Direction
- higherinferrede2
- Value
- 10-15%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Paddy Fields”
e2“The level of rice foliar injury caused by various organic materials was in the order of GAS and MW (10-20%) > RB (10-15%) > PM and EM (5-7%)”
Claim · model-written summary
PM and EM raised rice foliar injury to 5-7%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- PM and EMe2
- Outcome
- level of rice foliar injurye2
- Direction
- higherinferrede2
- Value
- 5-7%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Paddy Fields”
e2“The level of rice foliar injury caused by various organic materials was in the order of GAS and MW (10-20%) > RB (10-15%) > PM and EM (5-7%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic materials caused wilting, inhibition of growth, missing hill and reduction of tiller in rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- organic materialse3
- Outcome
- wilting, inhibition of growth, missing hill, and reduction of tillere3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Paddy Fields”
e3“Typical symptoms of organic materials are wilting, inhibition of growth, missing hill, and reduction of tiller”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed control with GAS cost 2.1 times more than the herbicide.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GASe4
- Outcome
- Cost for weed controle4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- 2.1e4
- Comparator
- herbicidee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Paddy Fields”
e4“Cost for weed control of GAS, RB, EM, and PM were 2.1, 3.1, 2.3, and 13.2 times higher than that of the herbicide”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed control with RB cost 3.1 times more than the herbicide.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- RBe4
- Outcome
- Cost for weed controle4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- 3.1e4
- Comparator
- herbicidee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Paddy Fields”
e4“Cost for weed control of GAS, RB, EM, and PM were 2.1, 3.1, 2.3, and 13.2 times higher than that of the herbicide”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed control with EM cost 2.3 times more than the herbicide.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- EMe4
- Outcome
- Cost for weed controle4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- 2.3e4
- Comparator
- herbicidee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Paddy Fields”
e4“Cost for weed control of GAS, RB, EM, and PM were 2.1, 3.1, 2.3, and 13.2 times higher than that of the herbicide”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed control with PM cost 13.2 times more than the herbicide.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- PMe4
- Outcome
- Cost for weed controle4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- 13.2e4
- Comparator
- herbicidee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Paddy Fields”
e4“Cost for weed control of GAS, RB, EM, and PM were 2.1, 3.1, 2.3, and 13.2 times higher than that of the herbicide”
Claim · model-written summary
GAS was the best weed management method in environment-friendly rice paddy fields.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- the best method for weed managemente5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Paddy Fields”
e5“These data indicate that GAS was the best method for weed management”
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See all 53 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.