Abstract
Abstract Soybeans ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) obtain nitrogen from soil and from symbiotic fixation when nodulated with effective strains of rhizobia. These two sources of N may need to be supplemented with fertilizer N for maximum seed yields. The objectives of the present study were to determine the effects of N and sulfur fertilization on soybean seed yield and other seed properties (protein, oil, amino acid, fatty acid, and S composition). Chippewa 64 and a nodulating‐nonnodulating (nodnonnod) pair of isolines of Chippewa background were examined at three field locations over 2 years for yield response to different forms of fertilizer N (224 kg/ha) and to fertilizer S (224 kg/ha). Three readily available fertilizers (ammonium nitrate, urea, and urea + sulfur) and two slow release fertilizer (S‐coated urea and ureaformaldehyde) were mixed in the top 20 cm of soil before planting. The soils were Nicollet silty clay loam (Aquic Hapludoll), McIntosh silt loam (Aeric Calciaquoll) and Webster clay loam (Typic Haplaquoll). Response to N fertilizer was greater with the nonnod isoline than with the other two lines. Nitrogen fertilization increased seed yield, weight per seed, seed protein percentage, and kg protein/ha. Plant height and lodging were either increased or unaffected, depending upon locations and/or year. Seed oil percentage decreased following N fertilization. However, total oil production usually increased due to larger yields. All sources of fertilizer decreased N 2 fixation, plant nodule weight, nodule number, and weight per nodule. Amino acids increased uniformly with protein increases but fatty acid composition was unchanged. Sulfur fertilizer increased seed yield in one case and decreased seed yield in two cases depending on location and year. Total S percentage of the seed and S‐containing amino acids of the seed were not increased with S additions. Increases in seed yield and/or seed protein percentage in the nodulating lines suggest N 2 fixation failed to supply amounts of N essential for maximum seed yield and/or protein percentage. With the recent concern for energy, N 2 fixation must be increased to provide the N needed for maximum seed yields of soybeans rather than relying on fertilizer N.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization increased soybean seed yield, weight per seed and seed protein percentage at three field locations.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- Nitrogen fertilizatione2
- Outcome
- seed yield, weight per seed, seed protein percentagee2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Setting
- three field locationse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Composition of Soybean Seed”
e1“were examined at three field locations over 2 years”
e2“Nitrogen fertilization increased seed yield, weight per seed, seed protein percentage, and kg protein/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization increased kg protein per hectare in soybean.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen fertilizatione2
- Outcome
- kg protein/hae2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Composition of Soybean Seed”
e2“Nitrogen fertilization increased seed yield, weight per seed, seed protein percentage, and kg protein/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
The response to N fertilizer was greater in the nonnod isoline than in the other two soybean lines.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- nonnod isolinee3
- Treatment
- N fertilizere3
- Outcome
- Response to N fertilizere3
- Direction
- greatere3
- Comparator
- the other two linese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Composition of Soybean Seed”
e3“Response to N fertilizer was greater with the nonnod isoline than with the other two lines”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization decreased seed oil percentage in soybean.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- N fertilizatione4
- Outcome
- Seed oil percentagee4
- Direction
- decreasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Composition of Soybean Seed”
e4“Seed oil percentage decreased following N fertilization. However, total oil production usually increased due to larger yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization increased total oil production in soybean because of larger yields.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- N fertilizatione4
- Outcome
- total oil productione4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Qualifier
- due to larger yieldse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Composition of Soybean Seed”
e4“Seed oil percentage decreased following N fertilization. However, total oil production usually increased due to larger yields”
Claim · model-written summary
All fertilizer sources decreased N2 fixation, plant nodule weight and nodule number in soybean.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- All sources of fertilizere6
- Outcome
- N 2 fixation, plant nodule weight, nodule numbere6
- Direction
- decreasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Composition of Soybean Seed”
e6“All sources of fertilizer decreased N 2 fixation, plant nodule weight, nodule number, and weight per nodule”
Claim · model-written summary
All fertilizer sources decreased the weight per nodule in soybean.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- All sources of fertilizere6
- Outcome
- weight per nodulee6
- Direction
- decreasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Composition of Soybean Seed”
e6“All sources of fertilizer decreased N 2 fixation, plant nodule weight, nodule number, and weight per nodule”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization increased or left unaffected plant height and lodging in soybean, depending on location and year.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen fertilizatione2
- Outcome
- Plant height and lodginge7
- Direction
- increased or unaffectede7
- Qualifier
- depending upon locations and/or yeare7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Composition of Soybean Seed”
e2“Nitrogen fertilization increased seed yield, weight per seed, seed protein percentage, and kg protein/ha”
e7“Plant height and lodging were either increased or unaffected, depending upon locations and/or year”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization increased amino acids in soybean seed in step with protein increases.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen fertilizatione2
- Outcome
- Amino acidse5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Qualifier
- uniformly with protein increasese5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Composition of Soybean Seed”
e2“Nitrogen fertilization increased seed yield, weight per seed, seed protein percentage, and kg protein/ha”
e5“Amino acids increased uniformly with protein increases but fatty acid composition was unchanged”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization left the fatty acid composition of soybean seed unchanged.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen fertilizatione2
- Outcome
- fatty acid compositione5
- Direction
- unchangede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Composition of Soybean Seed”
e2“Nitrogen fertilization increased seed yield, weight per seed, seed protein percentage, and kg protein/ha”
e5“Amino acids increased uniformly with protein increases but fatty acid composition was unchanged”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur fertilizer increased soybean seed yield in one case, depending on location and year.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Sulfur fertilizere0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- in one casee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Composition of Soybean Seed”
e0“Sulfur fertilizer increased seed yield in one case and decreased seed yield in two cases depending on location and year”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur fertilizer decreased soybean seed yield in two cases, depending on location and year.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Sulfur fertilizere0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- in two casese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Composition of Soybean Seed”
e0“Sulfur fertilizer increased seed yield in one case and decreased seed yield in two cases depending on location and year”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur additions did not increase total seed S percentage or S-containing amino acids in soybean.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- S additionse3
- Outcome
- Total S percentage of the seed and S‐containing amino acids of the seede3
- Direction
- not increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Composition of Soybean Seed”
e3“Total S percentage of the seed and S‐containing amino acids of the seed were not increased with S additions”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fixation failed to supply the N needed for maximum seed yield and protein percentage in nodulating soybean lines, as the authors suggest.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- nodulating linese1
- Outcome
- seed yield and/or seed protein percentagee1
- Qualifier
- N 2 fixation failed to supply amounts of Ne1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Composition of Soybean Seed”
e1“Increases in seed yield and/or seed protein percentage in the nodulating lines suggest N 2 fixation failed to supply amounts of N essential for maximum seed yield and/or protein percentage”
Claim · model-written summary
N2 fixation must be increased in soybean, rather than relying on fertilizer N, to supply the N needed for maximum seed yields.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe2
- Outcome
- N 2 fixatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“With the recent concern for energy, N 2 fixation must be increased to provide the N needed for maximum seed yields of soybeans rather than relying on fertilizer N”
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