Abstract
Decreases in growth, flowering, and fruit (boll) retention of cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) occur during the season in many modern cultivars even though it is an indeterminate plant. if they are pronounced, these decreases are commonly referred to as cutout. If cutout occurs too early it may decrease yield. Conversely, complete and permanent cutout at the end of the season would facilitate the control of insect pests. Cutout is strongly affected by boll load and may occur because of competition for photosynthate, a change in hormonal status, or both. Previous results indicated that changes in free abscisic acid (ABA) did not correlate with the decreases in growth, flowering, and boll retention that occurred as boll load increased during the season. Therefore, experiments were conducted in the field to test the hypothesis that cutout occurs when the demand for photosynthate exceeds the supply. The supply of photosynthate per plant was manipulated by thinning the plant population at different times to permit better light penetration (irradiance) into the canopy and thus increase total photosynthesis per plant. The demand for photosynthate was manipulated by partial defruiting. All flowers were removed during the first 3 weeks of flowering. Thinning at the start of the season caused individual plants to produce more flowers and bolls, but did not alter the timing of changes in flower production and boll retention rates during the season. Carrying capacity per plant varied inversely with plant population. Thinning later in the season caused an immediate increase in boll retention and a subsequent increase in flowering rate. Decreasing the demand by removing flowers early in the season caused subsequent and rather prolonged increases in flowering and boll retention rates. Early defruiting also moderated the decline in growth rate late in the season. Decreases and subsequent increases in flowering rate lagged behind the changes in growth and boll retention because flowering rate was determined by prior events (production and retention of flower buds). The results are consistent with the hypothesis that growth, flowering, and boll retention decrease when the demand for photosynthate increases and exceeds the supply. Therefore, an increase in photosynthesis should permit more bolls to be set before cutout.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Early thinning increased flowers and bolls per cotton plant.
- Taxon
- Cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- Thinning at the start of the seasone0
- Outcome
- flowers and bollse0
- Direction
- moree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thinning at the start of the season caused individual plants to produce more flowers and bolls”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Early thinning did not alter timing of changes in cotton flower production and boll retention rates.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Thinning at the start of the seasone1
- Outcome
- timing of changes in flower production and boll retention ratese0
- Direction
- did not altere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“did not alter the timing of changes in flower production and boll retention rates during the season”
e1“Thinning at the start of the season”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton carrying capacity per plant varied inversely with plant population.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- Carrying capacity per plante0
- Direction
- inverselye0
- Qualifier
- plant populatione0
Not reportedSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carrying capacity per plant varied inversely with plant population.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Later thinning immediately increased cotton boll retention.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Thinning later in the seasone0
- Outcome
- boll retentione0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- immediatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thinning later in the season caused an immediate increase in boll retention and a subsequent increase in flowering rate.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Later thinning subsequently increased cotton flowering rate.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Thinning later in the seasone0
- Outcome
- flowering ratee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- subsequente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thinning later in the season caused an immediate increase in boll retention and a subsequent increase in flowering rate.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Early flower removal produced prolonged increases in cotton flowering and boll retention rates.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- removing flowers early in the seasone0
- Outcome
- flowering and boll retention ratese0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Qualifier
- subsequent and rather prolongede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Decreasing the demand by removing flowers early in the season caused subsequent and rather prolonged increases in flowering and boll retention rates.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Early defruiting moderated the late-season decline in cotton growth rate.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Early defruitinge0
- Outcome
- growth ratee0
- Direction
- moderated the declinee0
- Qualifier
- late in the seasone0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Early defruiting also moderated the decline in growth rate late in the season.”
t0“Cotton”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.