Abstract
Abstract Although sulfur is routinely applied over much of the limited‐rainfall area of the northwestern United States, present diagnostic criteria for determining the need and frequency of S fertilization of white winter wheat [ Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare (Vill., Host) and T. aestivum ssp. compactum (Host)] are not highly successful. Our objective was to evaluate the initial and residual availability of applied S by investigating a) S uptake and distribution in wheat and b) the success of S concentration and N/S ratio as diagnostic criteria. Sulfur uptake, S concentration, and N/S ratios were compared with yield to measure S response over a period of 7 years after S application to a typical S‐deficient soil. Four rates of S (0, 17, 34, and 68 kg/ha) were applied as gypsum in factorial combination with four rates of N (0, 45, 90, and 180 kg/ha) as ammonium nitrate. Residual S effects were then evaluated in three subsequent wheat crops grown in a wheat‐pea ( Pisum sativum L.) rotation with optimum N fertilization. Sulfur uptake and concentration in the first wheat crop was proportional to the rate of S applied, but accumulated primarily in vegetative tissue when present in excess of the amount required for grain protein. Uptake from residual S was much lower than uptake from the fertilizer application and S levels in grain were maintained at the expense of S in straw. Excellent residual availability of S (i.e., two wheat crops for a 17 kg/ha application) was attributed to the low amount of S needed for the additional grain yield (< 1 kg S/ha), recycling of substantial quantities of S in straw residues, and negligible leaching of S. The initial N fertilization significantly increased S uptake from the S source by increasing both S concentration and dry matter. Nitrogen applied without S increased dry matter but not S concentration. In contrast, S fertilization had little effect on N concentration in grain and straw and influenced N uptake only through its effect on dry matter production. Grain yield responses to S were poorly correlated with S concentration or N/S ratio in tissue because of the inconsistency of S accumulation in the plant‐parts and the dominating effect of N on yield. Decreased grain yield in wheat responding to S was associated with < 0.12% S in grain, <0.08% S in mature plants, and with N/S ratios > 16 in mature plants.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur uptake and concentration in the first wheat crop rose with applied S rate.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- rate of S appliede0
- Outcome
- Sulfur uptake and concentratione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfur uptake and concentration in the first wheat crop was proportional to the rate of S applied”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess sulfur accumulated mainly in vegetative tissue.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- vegetative tissuee0
- Outcome
- accumulated primarily in vegetative tissuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“accumulated primarily in vegetative tissue when present in excess of the amount required for grain protein”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Uptake of residual S was much lower than uptake following fertilizer application.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Uptake from residual Se0
- Direction
- much lowere0
- Comparator
- fertilizer applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Uptake from residual S was much lower than uptake from the fertilizer application”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain S was maintained at the expense of straw S.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- S levels in grain were maintained at the expense of S in strawe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“S levels in grain were maintained at the expense of S in straw”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
A 17 kg/ha S application retained availability for two wheat crops.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 17 kg/ha applicatione0
- Outcome
- residual availability of Se0
- Value
- two wheat cropse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Excellent residual availability of S (i.e., two wheat crops for a 17 kg/ha application)”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Initial N fertilization significantly raised S uptake.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- initial N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- S uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The initial N fertilization significantly increased S uptake from the S source”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
N without S raised dry matter.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen applied without Se0
- Outcome
- dry mattere0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen applied without S increased dry matter but not S concentration”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
N without S did not raise S concentration.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen applied without Se0
- Outcome
- S concentratione0
- Direction
- note0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen applied without S increased dry matter but not S concentration”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
S fertilization had little effect on N concentration in grain and straw.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- S fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- N concentration in grain and strawe0
- Direction
- little effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“S fertilization had little effect on N concentration in grain and straw”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
S fertilization influenced N uptake through dry matter production.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- N uptakee0
- Qualifier
- dry matter productione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“influenced N uptake only through its effect on dry matter production”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield responses to S correlated poorly with S concentration or tissue N/S ratio.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- tissuee0
- Compound
- Se0
- Outcome
- Grain yield responses to Se0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield responses to S were poorly correlated with S concentration or N/S ratio in tissue”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced grain yield in S-responsive wheat was associated with grain S below 0.12%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- graine0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- Decreasede0
- Value
- < 0.12% Se0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Decreased grain yield in wheat responding to S was associated with < 0.12% S in grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced grain yield in S-responsive wheat was associated with mature-plant S below 0.08%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- mature plantse0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- Decreasede0
- Value
- <0.08% Se0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Decreased grain yield in wheat responding to S was associated with < 0.12% S in grain, <0.08% S in mature plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced grain yield in S-responsive wheat was associated with mature-plant N/S ratio above 16.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- mature plantse0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- Decreasede0
- Value
- > 16e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Decreased grain yield in wheat responding to S was associated with < 0.12% S in grain, <0.08% S in mature plants, and with N/S ratios > 16 in mature plants.”
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