Abstract
The non-protein amino acid beta-aminobutyric acid (BABA) primes Arabidopsis to respond more quickly and strongly to pathogen and osmotic stress. Here, we report that BABA also significantly enhances acquired thermotolerance in Arabidopsis. This thermotolerance was dependent on heat shock protein 101, a critical component of the normal heat-shock response. BABA did not enhance basal thermotolerance under a severe heat-shock treatment. No roles for the hormones ethylene and salicylic acid in BABA-induced acquired thermotolerance were identified by mutant analysis. Using global gene expression analysis, transcript levels for several transcription factors and DNA binding proteins regulating responses to the stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA) were found to be elevated in BABA-treated plants compared with water-treated plants. The role of ABA in BABA-induced thermotolerance was complex. BABA-enhanced thermotolerance was partially compromised in the ABA-insensitive mutant, abi1-1, but was augmented in abi2-1. In an unrelated process, BABA, like ABA, inhibited root growth, and the level of inhibition was roughly additive in roots treated with both compounds. Root growth of both abi1-1 and abi2-1 was also inhibited by BABA. Unexpectedly, abi1-1 and abi2-1 root growth was inhibited more strongly by combined ABA and BABA treatments than by BABA alone. Our results, together with previously published data, suggest that BABA is a general enhancer of plant stress resistance, and that cross-talk occurs between BABA and ABA signalling cascades. Specifically, the BABA-mediated accumulation of ABA transcription factors without concomitant activation of a downstream ABA response could represent one component of the BABA-primed state in Arabidopsis.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
BABA significantly enhanced acquired thermotolerance in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise0 - Treatment
- BABAe0
- Outcome
- acquired thermotolerancee0
- Direction
- enhancese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BABA also significantly enhances acquired thermotolerance in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
BABA enhanced thermotolerance depended on heat shock protein 101.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- heat shock protein 101e0
- Outcome
- thermotolerancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This thermotolerance was dependent on heat shock protein 101”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
BABA did not enhance basal thermotolerance under severe heat shock.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- BABAe0
- Outcome
- basal thermotolerancee0
- Direction
- did not enhancee0
- Qualifier
- severe heat-shock treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BABA did not enhance basal thermotolerance under a severe heat-shock treatment”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Mutant analysis identified no roles for ethylene or salicylic acid in BABA induced acquired thermotolerance.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- No roles for the hormones ethylene and salicylic acid in BABA-induced acquired thermotolerancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No roles for the hormones ethylene and salicylic acid in BABA-induced acquired thermotolerance were identified by mutant analysis”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
BABA treated plants had elevated transcripts for several ABA response transcription factors and DNA binding proteins versus water treated plants.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- BABA-treatede0
- Outcome
- transcript levels for several transcription factors and DNA binding proteinse0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Comparator
- water-treated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transcript levels for several transcription factors and DNA binding proteins regulating responses to the stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA) were found to be elevated in BABA-treated plants compared with water-treated plants”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
The abi1-1 mutant partly compromised BABA enhanced thermotolerance.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- abi1-1e0
- Treatment
- BABAe0
- Outcome
- thermotolerancee0
- Direction
- partially compromisede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BABA-enhanced thermotolerance was partially compromised in the ABA-insensitive mutant, abi1-1”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
The abi2-1 mutant augmented BABA enhanced thermotolerance.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- abi2-1e0
- Treatment
- BABAe0
- Outcome
- thermotolerancee0
- Direction
- augmentede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BABA-enhanced thermotolerance was partially compromised in the ABA-insensitive mutant, abi1-1, but was augmented in abi2-1”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
BABA inhibited Arabidopsis root growth.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- BABAe0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BABA, like ABA, inhibited root growth”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA inhibited Arabidopsis root growth.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- ABAe0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BABA, like ABA, inhibited root growth”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined ABA and BABA root growth inhibition was roughly additive.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- roots treated with both compoundse0
- Outcome
- level of inhibitione0
- Direction
- roughly additivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the level of inhibition was roughly additive in roots treated with both compounds”
e1“BABA, like ABA, inhibited root growth”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
BABA inhibited root growth of abi1-1 and abi2-1.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- BABAe0
- Outcome
- Root growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Root growth of both abi1-1 and abi2-1 was also inhibited by BABA”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined ABA and BABA inhibited root growth of abi1-1 and abi2-1 more than BABA alone.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- combined ABA and BABA treatmentse0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- inhibited more stronglye0
- Comparator
- BABA alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“abi1-1 and abi2-1 root growth was inhibited more strongly by combined ABA and BABA treatments than by BABA alone”
t0“Arabidopsis”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.