Abstract
Abstract Organic matter is believed to be able to reduce Al toxicity in Ultisols. Since little information is available to substantiate this hypothesis, a greenhouse experiment was conducted to compare the effects of organic matter and lime on soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plants grown under increasing Al stress in a Bradson (Typic Hapludults) soil. Treatments, replicated three times, were 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg Al kg −1 pot −1 , 0, 5, and 10% wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) straw, and the equivalent of 0, 1, and 2 Mg CaCO 3 ha −1 . After thorough mixing and incubation of the growth medium at field capacity for 20 d, five soybean seeds were germinated per pot and the five seeds allowed to grow for 30 d. The results indicated that shoot and root growth were severely affected by increased Al treatments. Aluminum toxicity started to seriously affect plant growth at 50 mg Al kg −1 , and plants were hardly growing at 100 mg Al kg −1 . However, plant growth in the Al‐toxic soil was improved substantially by the application of wheat straw or lime. The data suggest that treatments with wheat straw produced taller plants and greater dry weight contents of roots than was found in plants grown only with lime. Lime alone yielded good results, but lime in the presence of organic matter was more effective in reducing the effect of Al toxicity. The plants receiving wheat straw still contained relatively high levels of Al (3.7–7.4 mmol kg −1 ) in their shoots, but little damage could be detected. A tendency toward a decrease in N content was noticed in shoots of plants grown in the presence of wheat straw, but this was believed to have been caused by a temporary immobilization of N because of the application of straw. It was concluded that organic matter was as effective as lime in reducing Al toxicity.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Higher aluminum treatments severely impaired soybean shoot growth.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- increased Al treatmentse0
- Outcome
- shoote0
- Direction
- severely affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoot and root growth were severely affected by increased Al treatments”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher aluminum treatments severely impaired soybean root growth.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- increased Al treatmentse0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- severely affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoot and root growth were severely affected by increased Al treatments”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum toxicity seriously impaired growth from 50 mg Al kg −1.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Aluminum toxicitye0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- seriously affecte0
- Value
- 50 mg Al kg −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aluminum toxicity started to seriously affect plant growth at 50 mg Al kg −1”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybeans hardly grew at 100 mg Al kg −1.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 100 mg Al kg −1e0
- Outcome
- plants were hardly growinge0
- Direction
- hardly growinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants were hardly growing at 100 mg Al kg −1”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat straw substantially improved soybean growth in aluminum toxic soil.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- application of wheat strawe0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- improved substantiallye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant growth in the Al‐toxic soil was improved substantially by the application of wheat straw or lime”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Lime substantially improved soybean growth in aluminum toxic soil.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- limee0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- improved substantiallye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant growth in the Al‐toxic soil was improved substantially by the application of wheat straw or lime”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat straw produced taller soybean plants than lime alone.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- wheat strawe0
- Outcome
- taller plantse0
- Direction
- tallere0
- Comparator
- limee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatments with wheat straw produced taller plants and greater dry weight contents of roots than was found in plants grown only with lime”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat straw produced greater root dry weight than lime alone.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- wheat strawe0
- Outcome
- dry weight contents of rootse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- limee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatments with wheat straw produced taller plants and greater dry weight contents of roots than was found in plants grown only with lime”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Lime with organic matter reduced aluminum toxicity more effectively than lime alone.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- lime in the presence of organic mattere0
- Outcome
- effect of Al toxicitye0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- limee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lime in the presence of organic matter was more effective in reducing the effect of Al toxicity”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw treated soybean shoots retained 3.7–7.4 mmol kg −1 aluminum with little detectable damage.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- wheat strawe0
- Outcome
- levels of Ale0
- Value
- 3.7–7.4 mmol kg −1e0
- Qualifier
- little damage could be detectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The plants receiving wheat straw still contained relatively high levels of Al (3.7–7.4 mmol kg −1 ) in their shoots, but little damage could be detected”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot nitrogen content tended to decrease with wheat straw.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- wheat strawe0
- Outcome
- N contente0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- A tendencye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A tendency toward a decrease in N content was noticed in shoots of plants grown in the presence of wheat straw”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded organic matter was as effective as lime in reducing aluminum toxicity.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- organic mattere0
- Outcome
- Al toxicitye0
- Direction
- as effectivee0
- Comparator
- limee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“organic matter was as effective as lime in reducing Al toxicity”
t0“Soybean”
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