Abstract
The work aims to validate the laser-induced fluorescence imaging method for detecting nutrient deficiency of fruit- trees and testing the storage ability of the fruits. Measurements concerned apple-trees (Malus x domestica Borkh.cv.Jonagold 2361) submitted or not to nitrogen fertilization (60 kg/ha) via roots. Besides recordings of fluorescence images of fruits and of leaves at the characteristic emission wavelengths, images which always showed an effect of the nitrogen, chemical and physiological analysis have been performed. The essential results were: (1) For rosette leaves, with a total chlorophyll content significantly lower for nitrogen depleted leaves, and a Chl a/b ratio as well as (phi) po (PS II efficiency of open reaction centers) independent of the treatment, images recorded in the red and in the far-red (690 and 740 nm chlorophyll a emissions) showed red/far-red intensities ratios higher in the absence of fertilization, in agreement with the lower chlorophyll a content. (2) For leaves of one year shoots, having all similar chlorophyll content and PS II efficiency, nitrogen supply led to a slight decrease of the red/far-red ratio value for 532 nm excitation, and for 355 nm excitation to an important decrease of the blue fluorescence/chlorophyll emission ratio, that was not observed for rosette leaves. (3) For apple fruits, presenting a high K/Ca ratio (approximately equals 42) i.e. a bad storage ability, the chlorophylls content of the green face skin as well as (phi) po were the same for both samplings, with a dramatic decrease of (phi) po (0.68 till to 0.45) during conservation (6 months). Under 355 nm excitation, the fluorescence ratios the most sensitive to the nitrogen deficiency were for the green face the blue/red ratios which decreased with nitrogen supply and increased with time, and the blue/green ratio for the apple red face.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen depleted rosette leaves had significantly lower total chlorophyll.
- Taxon
- apple-trees
Malus domesticae1 - Organ / stage
- rosette leavese0
- Treatment
- nitrogen depletede0
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- nitrogen fertilization (60 kg/ha)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For rosette leaves, with a total chlorophyll content significantly lower for nitrogen depleted leaves”
e1“apple-trees (Malus x domestica Borkh.cv.Jonagold 2361) submitted or not to nitrogen fertilization (60 kg/ha) via roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Rosette leaf chlorophyll a/b ratio and PS II efficiency were independent of nitrogen treatment.
- Taxon
- apple-treesMalus domesticae1
- Organ / stage
- rosette leavese2
- Treatment
- nitrogen fertilization (60 kg/ha)e1
- Outcome
- Chl a/b ratio as well as (phi) po (PS II efficiency of open reaction centers)e0
- Direction
- independente0
- Comparator
- note1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a Chl a/b ratio as well as (phi) po (PS II efficiency of open reaction centers) independent of the treatment”
e1“apple-trees (Malus x domestica Borkh.cv.Jonagold 2361) submitted or not to nitrogen fertilization (60 kg/ha) via roots”
e2“For rosette leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Unfertilized rosette leaves had higher red/far-red fluorescence intensity ratios.
- Taxon
- apple-treesMalus domesticae1
- Organ / stage
- rosette leavese2
- Treatment
- absence of fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- red/far-red intensities ratiose0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- nitrogen fertilization (60 kg/ha)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“images recorded in the red and in the far-red (690 and 740 nm chlorophyll a emissions) showed red/far-red intensities ratios higher in the absence of fertilization”
e1“apple-trees (Malus x domestica Borkh.cv.Jonagold 2361) submitted or not to nitrogen fertilization (60 kg/ha) via roots”
e2“For rosette leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
One year shoot leaves had similar chlorophyll content and PS II efficiency across nitrogen treatments.
- Taxon
- apple-treesMalus domesticae1
- Organ / stage
- leaves of one year shootse0
- Treatment
- nitrogen fertilization (60 kg/ha)e1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content and PS II efficiencye0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- note1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For leaves of one year shoots, having all similar chlorophyll content and PS II efficiency”
e1“apple-trees (Malus x domestica Borkh.cv.Jonagold 2361) submitted or not to nitrogen fertilization (60 kg/ha) via roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen supply slightly decreased the red/far-red ratio in one year shoot leaves at 532 nm excitation.
- Taxon
- apple-treesMalus domesticae1
- Organ / stage
- leaves of one year shootse2
- Treatment
- nitrogen supplye0
- Outcome
- red/far-red ratio valuee0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- 532 nm excitatione0
- Comparator
- note1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen supply led to a slight decrease of the red/far-red ratio value for 532 nm excitation”
e1“apple-trees (Malus x domestica Borkh.cv.Jonagold 2361) submitted or not to nitrogen fertilization (60 kg/ha) via roots”
e2“For leaves of one year shoots”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen supply strongly decreased the blue fluorescence/chlorophyll emission ratio in one year shoot leaves at 355 nm excitation.
- Taxon
- apple-treesMalus domesticae2
- Organ / stage
- leaves of one year shootse3
- Treatment
- nitrogen supplye1
- Outcome
- blue fluorescence/chlorophyll emission ratioe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- 355 nm excitatione0
- Comparator
- note2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for 355 nm excitation to an important decrease of the blue fluorescence/chlorophyll emission ratio, that was not observed for rosette leaves”
e1“nitrogen supply led to a slight decrease”
e2“apple-trees (Malus x domestica Borkh.cv.Jonagold 2361) submitted or not to nitrogen fertilization (60 kg/ha) via roots”
e3“For leaves of one year shoots”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple fruits had a high K/Ca ratio associated with poor storage ability.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- fruitse0
- Outcome
- K/Ca ratioe0
- Direction
- highe0
- Value
- approximately equals 42e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For apple fruits, presenting a high K/Ca ratio (approximately equals 42) i.e. a bad storage ability”
Claim · model-written summary
Green face fruit skin chlorophyll content and PS II efficiency were the same for both nitrogen samplings.
- Taxon
- apple-treesMalus domesticae1
- Organ / stage
- green face skine0
- Treatment
- nitrogen fertilization (60 kg/ha)e1
- Outcome
- chlorophylls content of the green face skin as well as (phi) poe0
- Direction
- the samee0
- Comparator
- note1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the chlorophylls content of the green face skin as well as (phi) po were the same for both samplings”
e1“apple-trees (Malus x domestica Borkh.cv.Jonagold 2361) submitted or not to nitrogen fertilization (60 kg/ha) via roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit PS II efficiency fell from 0.68 to 0.45 during six months of conservation.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Organ / stage
- fruitse1
- Outcome
- (phi) poe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 0.68 till to 0.45e0
- Qualifier
- conservation (6 months)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dramatic decrease of (phi) po (0.68 till to 0.45) during conservation (6 months)”
e1“For apple fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Green face fruit blue/red fluorescence ratios decreased with nitrogen supply.
- Taxon
- apple-treesMalus domesticae1
- Organ / stage
- green facee0
- Treatment
- nitrogen supplye0
- Outcome
- blue/red ratiose0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- note1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for the green face the blue/red ratios which decreased with nitrogen supply”
e1“apple-trees (Malus x domestica Borkh.cv.Jonagold 2361) submitted or not to nitrogen fertilization (60 kg/ha) via roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Green face fruit blue/red fluorescence ratios increased with time.
- Taxon
- apple-treesMalus domesticae1
- Outcome
- blue/red ratiose0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- with timee0
Not reportedOrgan / stageSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“blue/red ratios which decreased with nitrogen supply and increased with time”
e1“apple-trees (Malus x domestica Borkh.cv.Jonagold 2361)”
Claim · model-written summary
The blue/green ratio was sensitive to nitrogen deficiency on the apple red face.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- apple red facee0
- Outcome
- blue/green ratioe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the fluorescence ratios the most sensitive to the nitrogen deficiency were for the green face the blue/red ratios which decreased with nitrogen supply and increased with time, and the blue/green ratio for the apple red face”
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