Abstract
Long-term effects of continuous use of chemical fertilizers and manure on soil fertility and productivity of a maize–wheat system were investigated in the ongoing long-term fertilizer experiment, during rabi (2007–2008) and kharif (2008) seasons at the research farm of Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University–Hill Agricultural Research and Extension Centre, Dhaulakuan. After 16 cropping cycles, bulk density decreased in plots where farmyard manure (FYM) was applied, whereas pH decreased in all the treatments. The organic carbon content of the soil increased in all the treatments except 100% nitrogen (N). Cation exchange capacity (CEC) increased in all the treatments over the initial status of the soil. Available N showed buildup over the initial status in most of the treatments. Available phosphorus (P) declined from initial status in treatments where only N was applied alone or with FYM. There was reduction in available potassium (K) status in all the treatments except 100% NPK. Continuous addition of FYM with balanced application of inorganic fertilizers improved content of exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) over initial status compared to imbalanced application of fertilizers. Continuous use of imbalanced inorganic fertilizers resulted in lesser crop yields and nutrient uptake compared to that with the application of balanced dose of inorganic fertilizers with FYM.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Farmyard manure reduced soil bulk density after 16 cropping cycles.
- Taxon
- maize–wheat
Triticum aestivum
Zea mayst0 - Treatment
- farmyard manure (FYM)e0
- Outcome
- bulk densitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- After 16 cropping cyclese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After 16 cropping cycles, bulk density decreased in plots where farmyard manure (FYM) was applied”
t0“Maize–Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil pH decreased under all treatments.
- Taxon
- Maize–WheatTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- all the treatmentse0
- Outcome
- pHe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pH decreased in all the treatments”
t0“Maize–Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil organic carbon increased under every treatment except 100% nitrogen.
- Taxon
- Maize–WheatTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- all the treatments except 100% nitrogen (N)e0
- Outcome
- organic carbon content of the soile0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The organic carbon content of the soil increased in all the treatments except 100% nitrogen (N)”
t0“Maize–Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
CEC increased from initial soil status under all treatments.
- Taxon
- Maize–WheatTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- all the treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Cation exchange capacity (CEC)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- initial status of the soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cation exchange capacity (CEC) increased in all the treatments over the initial status of the soil”
t0“Maize–Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Available soil N built up in most treatments.
- Taxon
- Maize–WheatTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- most of the treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Available Ne0
- Direction
- buildupe0
- Comparator
- initial statuse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Available N showed buildup over the initial status in most of the treatments”
t0“Maize–Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Available soil P declined where N alone or N with FYM was applied.
- Taxon
- Maize–WheatTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- only N was applied alone or with FYMe0
- Outcome
- Available phosphorus (P)e0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Comparator
- initial statuse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Available phosphorus (P) declined from initial status in treatments where only N was applied alone or with FYM”
t0“Maize–Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Available soil K declined under all treatments except 100% NPK.
- Taxon
- Maize–WheatTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- all the treatments except 100% NPKe0
- Outcome
- available potassium (K) statuse0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was reduction in available potassium (K) status in all the treatments except 100% NPK”
t0“Maize–Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
FYM plus balanced inorganic fertilizer improved exchangeable calcium relative to imbalanced fertilizer.
- Taxon
- Maize–WheatTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- Continuous addition of FYM with balanced application of inorganic fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- exchangeable calcium (Ca)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- imbalanced application of fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Continuous addition of FYM with balanced application of inorganic fertilizers improved content of exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) over initial status compared to imbalanced application of fertilizers”
t0“Maize–Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
FYM plus balanced inorganic fertilizer improved exchangeable magnesium relative to imbalanced fertilizer.
- Taxon
- Maize–WheatTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- Continuous addition of FYM with balanced application of inorganic fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- magnesium (Mg)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- imbalanced application of fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Continuous addition of FYM with balanced application of inorganic fertilizers improved content of exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) over initial status compared to imbalanced application of fertilizers”
t0“Maize–Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Imbalanced fertilizer yielded less crop than balanced fertilizer with FYM.
- Taxon
- Maize–WheatTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- imbalanced inorganic fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- crop yieldse0
- Direction
- lessere0
- Comparator
- balanced dose of inorganic fertilizers with FYMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Continuous use of imbalanced inorganic fertilizers resulted in lesser crop yields and nutrient uptake compared to that with the application of balanced dose of inorganic fertilizers with FYM”
t0“Maize–Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Imbalanced fertilizer produced less nutrient uptake than balanced fertilizer with FYM.
- Taxon
- Maize–WheatTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- imbalanced inorganic fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- nutrient uptakee0
- Direction
- lessere0
- Comparator
- balanced dose of inorganic fertilizers with FYMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Continuous use of imbalanced inorganic fertilizers resulted in lesser crop yields and nutrient uptake compared to that with the application of balanced dose of inorganic fertilizers with FYM”
t0“Maize–Wheat”
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