Abstract
Abstract The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) on biotransformation of arsenic (As) in the rhizosphere of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was studied in a rhizobag system with As-contaminated soil. The treatments consisted of a combination of two levels of AMF (Glomus aggregatum) inoculation (–AM and +AM) under sterile and non-sterile soil conditions (S and NS). Each treatment was designated as –AM/S, –AM/NS, +AM/S and +AM/NS. Sunflower seedlings were cultured in the rhizobag for 6 weeks. Rates of root AMF colonization in +AM treatments were approximately 40% and 0% in –AM/S treatment. The AMF inoculation reduced As toxicity symptoms and improved plant growth. Shoot As, but not the root As, concentrations were reduced by AMF inoculation. Shoot and root P concentrations increased in +AM treatments regardless of soil sterilization. Analyses of water soluble (WS) As in the soils at the end of the cultivation indicated that the amount of WS-arsenite (AsIII) was higher in the central compartment compared with the outer compartment, while WS-arsenate (AsV) was dominant in the outer compartment. Dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA) was detected only in +AM treatments and the concentration was higher in the +AM/NS treatment compared to the +AM/S. Trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO) was also detected in measurable amounts in the NS condition and AMF inoculation increased the amount of TMAO, especially in the central compartment. No methylated As species was detected in the –AM/S treatment. From these results, it is clear that the mycorrhizal roots colonized by Glomus aggregatum are primarily involved in DMAA formation. Aside from these mycorrhizal roots, the indigenous soil microorganisms in the mycorrhizosphere are responsible for promoting the transformation of DMAA into TMAO. These As biomethylation processes would favor the detoxification of As, especially at the interface of plant roots and rhizosphere soil.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
AMF colonized approximately 40% of roots in inoculated sunflower.
- Taxon
- sunflower
Helianthus annuust0 - Treatment
- +AM treatmentse0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- root AMF colonizatione0
- Value
- 40%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rates of root AMF colonization in +AM treatments were approximately 40% and 0% in –AM/S treatment.”
t0“sunflower”
e1“Rates of root AMF colonization in +AM treatments were approximately 40% and 0% in –AM/S treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation reduced arsenic toxicity symptoms.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- As toxicity symptomse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The AMF inoculation reduced As toxicity symptoms and improved plant growth.”
t0“sunflower”
e1“Rates of root AMF colonization in +AM treatments were approximately 40% and 0% in –AM/S treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation improved plant growth.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The AMF inoculation reduced As toxicity symptoms and improved plant growth.”
t0“sunflower”
e1“Rates of root AMF colonization in +AM treatments were approximately 40% and 0% in –AM/S treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF reduced shoot arsenic concentration.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- Shoot Ase0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot As, but not the root As, concentrations were reduced by AMF inoculation.”
t0“sunflower”
e1“Rates of root AMF colonization in +AM treatments were approximately 40% and 0% in –AM/S treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF did not reduce root arsenic concentration.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- root Ase0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot As, but not the root As, concentrations were reduced by AMF inoculation.”
t0“sunflower”
e1“Rates of root AMF colonization in +AM treatments were approximately 40% and 0% in –AM/S treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF increased shoot and root phosphorus concentration regardless of sterilization.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- +AM treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Shoot and root P concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- regardless of soil sterilizatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot and root P concentrations increased in +AM treatments regardless of soil sterilization.”
t0“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus aggregatum) influences biotransformation of arsenic in the rhizosphere of sunflower”
e1“Rates of root AMF colonization in +AM treatments were approximately 40% and 0% in –AM/S treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Water soluble arsenite was higher in the central compartment.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Outcome
- amount of WS-arsenite (AsIII)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- outer compartmente0
- Setting
- central compartmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the amount of WS-arsenite (AsIII) was higher in the central compartment compared with the outer compartment”
t0“sunflower”
e1“Rates of root AMF colonization in +AM treatments were approximately 40% and 0% in –AM/S treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Water soluble arsenate dominated the outer compartment.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Outcome
- WS-arsenate (AsV)e0
- Direction
- dominante0
- Setting
- outer compartmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WS-arsenate (AsV) was dominant in the outer compartment.”
t0“sunflower”
e1“Rates of root AMF colonization in +AM treatments were approximately 40% and 0% in –AM/S treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
DMAA was detected only with AMF.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- +AM treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA) was detected only in +AM treatments”
t0“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus aggregatum) influences biotransformation of arsenic in the rhizosphere of sunflower”
e1“Rates of root AMF colonization in +AM treatments were approximately 40% and 0% in –AM/S treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
DMAA was higher in nonsterile than sterile inoculated soil.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- +AM/NS treatmente0
- Outcome
- concentratione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- +AM/Se0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the concentration was higher in the +AM/NS treatment compared to the +AM/S.”
t0“sunflower”
e1“Rates of root AMF colonization in +AM treatments were approximately 40% and 0% in –AM/S treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
TMAO was detected in nonsterile soil.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- NS conditione0
- Outcome
- Trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO) was also detected in measurable amounts in the NS condition”
t0“sunflower”
e1“Rates of root AMF colonization in +AM treatments were approximately 40% and 0% in –AM/S treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF increased TMAO especially centrally.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- amount of TMAOe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- central compartmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF inoculation increased the amount of TMAO, especially in the central compartment.”
t0“sunflower”
e1“Rates of root AMF colonization in +AM treatments were approximately 40% and 0% in –AM/S treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
No methylated arsenic was detected without AMF in sterile soil.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- –AM/S treatmente0
- Outcome
- No methylated As speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No methylated As species was detected in the –AM/S treatment.”
t0“sunflower”
e1“Rates of root AMF colonization in +AM treatments were approximately 40% and 0% in –AM/S treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal roots were interpreted to form DMAA.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Interactor
- Glomus aggregatumRhizophagus aggregatuse0symbiont
- Outcome
- DMAA formatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the mycorrhizal roots colonized by Glomus aggregatum are primarily involved in DMAA formation.”
t0“sunflower”
e1“Rates of root AMF colonization in +AM treatments were approximately 40% and 0% in –AM/S treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Indigenous soil microorganisms were interpreted to promote DMAA transformation to TMAO.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Interactor
- indigenous soil microorganismse0other
- Outcome
- transformation of DMAA into TMAOe0
- Qualifier
- mycorrhizospheree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the indigenous soil microorganisms in the mycorrhizosphere are responsible for promoting the transformation of DMAA into TMAO.”
t0“sunflower”
e1“Rates of root AMF colonization in +AM treatments were approximately 40% and 0% in –AM/S treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Arsenic biomethylation was interpreted to favour detoxification at the root-rhizosphere interface.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Outcome
- detoxification of Ase0
- Qualifier
- As biomethylation processese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These As biomethylation processes would favor the detoxification of As, especially at the interface of plant roots and rhizosphere soil.”
t0“sunflower”
e1“Rates of root AMF colonization in +AM treatments were approximately 40% and 0% in –AM/S treatment.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.