Abstract
The epidermal cuticle of the abaxial surface of the primary leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris used for these experiments is not more than 0.15 μm thick except on the walls of basal cells of epidermal hairs. The cuticle apparently has no internal structure; neither channels or canals can be seen passing through it. An examination of the fine structure of leaf tissue 24 h after the application of 1.6 × 10−3 M solutions of 2-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (2-CPA), 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (4-CPA), 2,6-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,6-D), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) has shown that 2,4-D alone, and then only in the light, induces changes in the morphology and internal structure of the chloroplast. As early as 4 h after application, there is an apparent breakdown in the structure of the membrane systems of the cells of the epidermis, palisade, and mesophyll. After 8 h the chloroplasts are distorted and contain electron-dense granules, and the cells appear to be plasmolysed. Subsequently these changes become more pronounced. It is possible that the specific disturbances brought about by 2,4-D reflect its phytotoxic properties.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
The abaxial primary-leaf cuticle was at most 0.15 μm thick except over hair basal cells.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris
Phaseolus vulgarise0 - Organ / stage
- primary leavese0
- Outcome
- epidermal cuticlee0
- Value
- 0.15 μme0
- Qualifier
- except on the walls of basal cells of epidermal hairse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The epidermal cuticle of the abaxial surface of the primary leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris used for these experiments is not more than 0.15 μm thick except on the walls of basal cells of epidermal hairs.”
Claim · model-written summary
The cuticle showed no visible internal structure or traversing channels.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Organ / stage
- cuticlee0
- Outcome
- no internal structure; neither channels or canals can be seen passing through ite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“The cuticle apparently has no internal structure; neither channels or canals can be seen passing through it.”
Claim · model-written summary
Only 2,4-D changed chloroplast morphology and internal structure after 24 h, and only in light.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Organ / stage
- chloroplaste0
- Treatment
- 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)e0
- Outcome
- changes in the morphology and internal structure of the chloroplaste0
- Qualifier
- 24 he0
- Comparator
- 2-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (2-CPA), 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (4-CPA), 2,6-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,6-D)e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“An examination of the fine structure of leaf tissue 24 h after the application of 1.6 × 10−3 M solutions of 2-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (2-CPA), 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (4-CPA), 2,6-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,6-D), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) has shown that 2,4-D alone, and then only in the light, induces changes in the morphology and internal structure of the chloroplast.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cell membrane systems appeared to break down by 4 h after application.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Organ / stage
- epidermis, palisade, and mesophylle0
- Outcome
- apparent breakdown in the structure of the membrane systemse0
- Qualifier
- As early as 4 h after applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“As early as 4 h after application, there is an apparent breakdown in the structure of the membrane systems of the cells of the epidermis, palisade, and mesophyll.”
Claim · model-written summary
After 8 h, chloroplasts were distorted and contained electron-dense granules.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Organ / stage
- chloroplastse0
- Outcome
- chloroplasts are distorted and contain electron-dense granulese0
- Qualifier
- After 8 he0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“After 8 h the chloroplasts are distorted and contain electron-dense granules, and the cells appear to be plasmolysed.”
Claim · model-written summary
After 8 h, cells appeared plasmolysed.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Outcome
- cells appear to be plasmolysede0
- Qualifier
- After 8 he0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“After 8 h the chloroplasts are distorted and contain electron-dense granules, and the cells appear to be plasmolysed.”
Claim · model-written summary
The structural changes became more pronounced later.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Outcome
- these changese0
- Direction
- more pronouncede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“Subsequently these changes become more pronounced.”
The same questions in other papers
2,4-D · growth · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results differ
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
14 papers more in this group
See all 18 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.