Abstract
Lysimeters of size 1.5 by 1.5 by 1.5 m, containing a loamy soil, were used to study the effects of both water stress during the reproductive stage and underground water supply on bell pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.). Continuous water stress treatments were obtained providing irrigation equal to 40%, 50%, 60%, 80%, and 120% of maximum evapotranspiration (ET), evenly applied from flowering to end of the season. Another set of treatments involved a transient drought stress imposed by withholding 80 mm of irrigation, based on ET, beginning at 2 growth stages (early fruit set, or mid fruit growth). A well-watered control (irrigated restoring the entire ET) was included for comparison. The underground water supply treatments involved 3 permanent watertable depths (0.40, 0.70, and 1.10 m below soil surface) and one variable depth increasing from 0.40 to 1.30 m. Continuous water stress significantly reduced total fresh weight of fruit, which was linearly related to the water consumption. The highest marketable yield was found at irrigation of 120% ET; the lowest at 40% ET. Marketable yield did not differ among 60%, 80%, and 100% ET. Withholding water during early fruit set restricted fruit yield significantly, whereas plants undergoing drought later in fruit growth yielded as well as the well-watered control. Total fruit yield with a shallow watertable (0.40 m depth) was comparable to above-ground irrigation restoring 100% ET, but marketable yield was significantly reduced. Highest marketable yield was obtained with watertable at 0.7 m depth, but was reduced by lowering watertable depth. The lower yield observed in water shortage conditions was generally due to a reduced fruit number. In most cases, water use efficiency decreased with increasing water consumption, but was not affected by transient drought stress. Crop nitrogen content was the highest when irrigation provided 100% and 120% ET restoration. It was significantly reduced only by both 40% ET and watertable irrigated treatments. Generally, a shallow watertable allowed less nitrogen rescue than a deeper one. The critical period for water was identified between the beginning of fruit set and first maturing fruits when soil water potential should be maintained above –0.02 MPa.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous water stress significantly reduced total fresh weight of fruit.
- Taxon
- bell peppert0
- Treatment
- Continuous water stresse1
- Outcome
- total fresh weight of fruite1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“nitrogen recovery in bell pepper”
e1“Continuous water stress significantly reduced total fresh weight of fruit, which was linearly related to the water consumption”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest marketable yield was found at irrigation of 120% ET.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“nitrogen recovery in bell pepper”
e2“The highest marketable yield was found at irrigation of 120% ET; the lowest at 40% ET”
Claim · model-written summary
The lowest marketable yield was found at irrigation of 40% ET.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“nitrogen recovery in bell pepper”
e2“The highest marketable yield was found at irrigation of 120% ET; the lowest at 40% ET”
Claim · model-written summary
Marketable yield did not differ among irrigation at 60%, 80% and 100% ET.
Verbatim
t0“nitrogen recovery in bell pepper”
e3“Marketable yield did not differ among 60%, 80%, and 100% ET”
Claim · model-written summary
Withholding water during early fruit set significantly restricted fruit yield.
- Taxon
- bell peppert0
- Treatment
- Withholding water during early fruit sete4
- Outcome
- fruit yielde4
- Direction
- restrictede4
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“nitrogen recovery in bell pepper”
e4“Withholding water during early fruit set restricted fruit yield significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
Plants with drought later in fruit growth yielded as well as the well-watered control.
Verbatim
t0“nitrogen recovery in bell pepper”
e5“plants undergoing drought later in fruit growth yielded as well as the well-watered control”
Claim · model-written summary
Total fruit yield with a shallow watertable (0.40 m depth) was comparable to above-ground irrigation restoring 100% ET.
Verbatim
t0“nitrogen recovery in bell pepper”
e6“Total fruit yield with a shallow watertable (0.40 m depth) was comparable to above-ground irrigation restoring 100% ET”
Claim · model-written summary
Marketable yield was significantly reduced with a shallow watertable compared with above-ground irrigation restoring 100% ET.
Verbatim
t0“nitrogen recovery in bell pepper”
e6“Total fruit yield with a shallow watertable (0.40 m depth) was comparable to above-ground irrigation restoring 100% ET”
e7“but marketable yield was significantly reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest marketable yield was obtained with watertable at 0.7 m depth.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“nitrogen recovery in bell pepper”
e2“Highest marketable yield was obtained with watertable at 0.7 m depth, but was reduced by lowering watertable depth”
Claim · model-written summary
Lowering watertable depth below 0.7 m reduced marketable yield.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“nitrogen recovery in bell pepper”
e2“Highest marketable yield was obtained with watertable at 0.7 m depth, but was reduced by lowering watertable depth”
Claim · model-written summary
The lower yield in water shortage was generally due to a reduced fruit number.
Verbatim
t0“nitrogen recovery in bell pepper”
e2“The lower yield observed in water shortage conditions was generally due to a reduced fruit number”
Claim · model-written summary
Water use efficiency decreased with increasing water consumption.
Verbatim
t0“nitrogen recovery in bell pepper”
e2“water use efficiency decreased with increasing water consumption, but was not affected by transient drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Water use efficiency was not affected by transient drought stress.
- Taxon
- bell peppert0
- Treatment
- transient drought stresse2
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye2
- Direction
- not affectede2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“nitrogen recovery in bell pepper”
e2“water use efficiency decreased with increasing water consumption, but was not affected by transient drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop nitrogen content was highest when irrigation restored 100% and 120% ET.
- Taxon
- bell peppert0
- Treatment
- irrigation provided 100% and 120% ET restoratione2
- Outcome
- Crop nitrogen contente2
- Direction
- higheste2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“nitrogen recovery in bell pepper”
e2“Crop nitrogen content was the highest when irrigation provided 100% and 120% ET restoration. It was significantly reduced only by both 40% ET and watertable irrigated treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop nitrogen content was significantly reduced by 40% ET and by watertable irrigation.
- Taxon
- bell peppert0
- Treatment
- 40% ET and watertable irrigated treatmentse2
- Outcome
- Crop nitrogen contente2
- Direction
- significantly reducede2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“nitrogen recovery in bell pepper”
e2“Crop nitrogen content was the highest when irrigation provided 100% and 120% ET restoration. It was significantly reduced only by both 40% ET and watertable irrigated treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
A shallow watertable allowed less nitrogen rescue than a deeper watertable.
Verbatim
t0“nitrogen recovery in bell pepper”
e2“Generally, a shallow watertable allowed less nitrogen rescue than a deeper one”
Claim · model-written summary
The critical period for water lies between early fruit set and the first maturing fruits, with soil water potential kept above -0.02 MPa.
Verbatim
t0“nitrogen recovery in bell pepper”
e2“The critical period for water was identified between the beginning of fruit set and first maturing fruits when soil water potential should be maintained above –0.02 MPa”
Claim · model-written summary
Total fresh weight of fruit was linearly related to water consumption under continuous water stress.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
t0“nitrogen recovery in bell pepper”
e1“Continuous water stress significantly reduced total fresh weight of fruit, which was linearly related to the water consumption”
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