Abstract
The control of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) germination by plant hormones was studied by comparing fruits and seeds. Treatment of sugar beet fruits and seeds with gibberellins, brassinosteroids, auxins, cytokinins, and jasmonates or corresponding hormone biosynthesis inhibitors did not appreciably affect radicle emergence of fruits or seeds. By contrast, treatment with ethylene or the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) promoted radicle emergence of fruits and seeds. Abscisic acid (ABA) acted as an antagonist of ethylene and inhibited radicle emergence of seeds, but not appreciably of fruits. High endogenous contents of ACC and of ABA were evident in seeds and pericarps of dry mature fruits, but declined early during imbibition. ABA-treatment of seeds and fruits induced seed ACC accumulation while ACC-treatment did not affect the seed ABA content. Transcripts of ACC oxidase (ACO, ethylene-forming enzyme) and ABA 8'-hydroxylase (CYP707A, ABA-degrading enzyme) accumulate in fruits and seeds upon imbibition. ABA and ACC and the pericarp did not affect the seed CYP707A transcript levels. By contrast, seed ACO transcript accumulation was promoted by ABA and by pericarp removal, but not by ACC. Quantification of the endogenous ABA and ACC contents, ABA and ACC leaching, and ethylene evolution, demonstrate that an embryo-mediated active ABA extrusion system is involved in keeping the endogenous seed ABA content low by 'active ABA leaching', while the pericarp restricts ACC leaching during imbibition. Sugar beet radicle emergence appears to be controlled by the pericarp, by ABA and ACC leaching, and by an ABA-ethylene antagonism that affects ACC biosynthesis and ACO gene expression.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Several hormone and inhibitor treatments did not appreciably change radicle emergence.
- Taxon
- sugar beet
Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0 - Treatment
- gibberellins, brassinosteroids, auxins, cytokinins, and jasmonates or corresponding hormone biosynthesis inhibitorse0
- Outcome
- radicle emergencee0
- Direction
- did not appreciably affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment of sugar beet fruits and seeds with gibberellins, brassinosteroids, auxins, cytokinins, and jasmonates or corresponding hormone biosynthesis inhibitors did not appreciably affect radicle emergence of fruits or seeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene promoted radicle emergence.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- ethylenee0
- Outcome
- radicle emergencee0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatment with ethylene or the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) promoted radicle emergence of fruits and seeds.”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
ACC promoted radicle emergence.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)e0
- Outcome
- radicle emergencee0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatment with ethylene or the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) promoted radicle emergence of fruits and seeds.”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA inhibited seed radicle emergence but scarcely affected fruits.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Abscisic acid (ABA)e0
- Outcome
- radicle emergence of seedse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Abscisic acid (ABA) acted as an antagonist of ethylene and inhibited radicle emergence of seeds, but not appreciably of fruits.”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Endogenous ACC and ABA in dry mature fruits declined early during imbibition.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Organ / stage
- seeds and pericarps of dry mature fruitse0
- Outcome
- contents of ACC and of ABAe0
- Direction
- declinede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High endogenous contents of ACC and of ABA were evident in seeds and pericarps of dry mature fruits, but declined early during imbibition.”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA treatment induced seed ACC accumulation.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- ABA-treatmente0
- Outcome
- seed ACC accumulatione0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ABA-treatment of seeds and fruits induced seed ACC accumulation while ACC-treatment did not affect the seed ABA content.”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
ACC treatment did not affect seed ABA content.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- ACC-treatmente0
- Outcome
- seed ABA contente0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ABA-treatment of seeds and fruits induced seed ACC accumulation while ACC-treatment did not affect the seed ABA content.”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
ACO and CYP707A transcripts accumulated during imbibition.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Organ / stage
- fruits and seedse0
- Gene
- ACC oxidase (ACO, ethylene-forming enzyme)e0
- Outcome
- Transcriptse0
- Direction
- accumulatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transcripts of ACC oxidase (ACO, ethylene-forming enzyme) and ABA 8'-hydroxylase (CYP707A, ABA-degrading enzyme) accumulate in fruits and seeds upon imbibition.”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA, ACC and pericarp did not affect seed CYP707A transcripts.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- ABA and ACC and the pericarpe0
- Gene
- CYP707Ae0
- Outcome
- seed CYP707A transcript levelse0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ABA and ACC and the pericarp did not affect the seed CYP707A transcript levels.”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA promoted seed ACO transcript accumulation.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- ABAe0
- Gene
- ACOe0
- Outcome
- seed ACO transcript accumulatione0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed ACO transcript accumulation was promoted by ABA and by pericarp removal, but not by ACC.”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Pericarp removal promoted seed ACO transcript accumulation.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- pericarp removale0
- Gene
- ACOe0
- Outcome
- seed ACO transcript accumulatione0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed ACO transcript accumulation was promoted by ABA and by pericarp removal, but not by ACC.”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
ACC did not promote seed ACO transcripts.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- ACCe0
- Gene
- ACOe0
- Outcome
- seed ACO transcript accumulatione0
- Direction
- not bye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed ACO transcript accumulation was promoted by ABA and by pericarp removal, but not by ACC.”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
An embryo-mediated ABA extrusion system keeps seed ABA content low.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Outcome
- endogenous seed ABA content lowe0
- Qualifier
- embryo-mediated active ABA extrusion systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an embryo-mediated active ABA extrusion system is involved in keeping the endogenous seed ABA content low by 'active ABA leaching'”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
The pericarp restricts ACC leaching during imbibition.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Organ / stage
- pericarpe0
- Outcome
- ACC leachinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the pericarp restricts ACC leaching during imbibition.”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Radicle emergence appears controlled by pericarp, hormone leaching and ABA–ethylene antagonism.
- Taxon
- Sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0
- Outcome
- radicle emergencee0
- Qualifier
- ABA-ethylene antagonisme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sugar beet radicle emergence appears to be controlled by the pericarp, by ABA and ACC leaching, and by an ABA-ethylene antagonism that affects ACC biosynthesis and ACO gene expression.”
The same questions in other papers
1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid · growth · Beta vulgaris (beet)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
(+)-abscisic acid · growth · Beta vulgaris (beet)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
(+)-abscisic acid · molecular: expression · Beta vulgaris (beet)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
ethene · growth · Beta vulgaris (beet)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid · physiology: hormones · Beta vulgaris (beet)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
- no effect
class · growth · Beta vulgaris (beet)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.