Abstract
Trichoderma species are commonly used as biological control agents against phytopathogenic fungi and some of their isolates are able to improve plant growth. In the current study, we evaluated some Iranian Trichoderma isolate cultural filtrates as well as their direct effect on seed germination and seedling vigor of maize (Zea mays L. cultivar B73); they are Trichoderma harzianum T 969, T. harzianum T 447, Trichoderma hamatum T 614, Trichoderma roseum T678, Gliocladium virens G525 and the unknown Trichoderma species isolate (Trichoderma sp. T) obtained from the soil of Moghan Area, Ardabil Province of Iran. The culture filtrates reduced the speed of seed germination, but no influence (p0.05) was recorded at the final rate of the seed germination. When maize seeds were exposed to the Trichoderma spore suspension, all the Trichoderma isolates colonized the seed surface and inhibited the seed germination. The maize seed potted in inoculated soil did not emerge from the soil among all tested Trichoderma isolates, except for non-inoculated soil 30 days after potting. When Trichoderma conidia were added on the surface of soil near the emerged seed, significant (p0.01) decrease of seedling treated separately with T. hamatum T614 isolate was observed on the leaves area, fresh root and shoot weight, compared to the non-inoculated seedling. Whereas T. hamatum T447 and T. harzianum T969 reduced markedly (p0.01), seedling fresh root weight and fresh shoot weight were respectively increased as compared to the control. Trichoderma isolates had no influence on chlorophyll content in leaves and root length as well as stomata conductivity, except for Trichoderma spp. isolate T that increased stomata conductivity of seedling significantly (p0.01).
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Culture filtrates slowed maize seed germination.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The culture filtrates reduced the speed of seed germination”
t0“maize seed germination”
t1“maize seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Culture filtrates did not significantly change final seed germination.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The culture filtrates reduced the speed of seed germination, but no influence (p0.05) was recorded at the final rate of the seed germination”
t0“maize seed germination”
t1“maize seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
All tested Trichoderma isolates colonized the maize seed surface.
- Interactor
- Trichoderma
Trichodermae0symbiont - Outcome
- colonized the seed surfacee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all the Trichoderma isolates colonized the seed surface”
t0“maize seed germination”
t1“maize seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma spore suspension inhibited maize seed germination.
- Treatment
- Trichoderma spore suspensione0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0symbiont
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When maize seeds were exposed to the Trichoderma spore suspension, all the Trichoderma isolates colonized the seed surface and inhibited the seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize seeds in inoculated soil failed to emerge after 30 days, unlike non-inoculated soil.
- Treatment
- inoculated soile0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0symbiont
- Outcome
- did not emerge from the soile0
- Qualifier
- 30 days after pottinge0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated soile0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maize seed potted in inoculated soil did not emerge from the soil among all tested Trichoderma isolates, except for non-inoculated soil 30 days after potting”
Claim · model-written summary
T. hamatum T614 reduced maize seedling leaf area.
- Treatment
- T. hamatum T614 isolatee0
- Interactor
- T. hamatum T614
Trichoderma hamatume0symbiont - Outcome
- leaves areae0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated seedlinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant (p0.01) decrease of seedling treated separately with T. hamatum T614 isolate was observed on the leaves area, fresh root and shoot weight, compared to the non-inoculated seedling”
t0“maize seed germination”
t1“maize seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
T. hamatum T614 reduced fresh root and shoot weight.
- Treatment
- T. hamatum T614 isolatee0
- Interactor
- T. hamatum T614Trichoderma hamatume0symbiont
- Outcome
- fresh root and shoot weighte0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated seedlinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant (p0.01) decrease of seedling treated separately with T. hamatum T614 isolate was observed on the leaves area, fresh root and shoot weight, compared to the non-inoculated seedling”
t0“maize seed germination”
t1“maize seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
The reported T. hamatum T447 treatment reduced seedling fresh root weight.
- Treatment
- T. hamatum T447e0
- Interactor
- T. hamatum T447Trichoderma hamatume0symbiont
- Outcome
- seedling fresh root weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T. hamatum T447 and T. harzianum T969 reduced markedly (p0.01), seedling fresh root weight and fresh shoot weight were respectively increased as compared to the control”
t0“maize seed germination”
t1“maize seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
The reported T. harzianum T969 treatment increased seedling fresh shoot weight.
- Treatment
- T. harzianum T969e0
- Interactor
- T. harzianum T969Trichoderma harzianume0symbiont
- Outcome
- fresh shoot weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T. hamatum T447 and T. harzianum T969 reduced markedly (p0.01), seedling fresh root weight and fresh shoot weight were respectively increased as compared to the control”
t0“maize seed germination”
t1“maize seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma isolates had no reported effect on chlorophyll content, root length or stomata conductivity, apart from the stated exception.
- Treatment
- Trichoderma isolatese0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content in leaves and root length as well as stomata conductivitye0
- Direction
- no influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trichoderma isolates had no influence on chlorophyll content in leaves and root length as well as stomata conductivity, except for Trichoderma spp. isolate T that increased stomata conductivity of seedling significantly”
t0“maize seed germination”
t1“maize seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma spp. isolate T significantly increased seedling stomata conductivity.
- Treatment
- Trichoderma spp. isolate Te0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma spp. isolate Te0symbiont
- Outcome
- stomata conductivity of seedlinge0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trichoderma spp. isolate T that increased stomata conductivity of seedling significantly (p0.01)”
t0“maize seed germination”
t1“maize seed germination”
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