Abstract
The ubiquitin (Ub)-26S proteasome pathway is implicated in various cellular processes in higher plants. AtAIRP1, a C3H2C3-type RING (for Really Interesting New Gene) E3 Ub ligase, is a positive regulator in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent drought response. Here, the AtAIRP2 (for Arabidopsis ABA-insensitive RING protein 2) gene was identified and characterized. AtAIRP2 encodes a cytosolic C3HC4-type RING E3 Ub ligase whose expression was markedly induced by ABA and dehydration stress. Thus, AtAIRP2 belongs to a different RING subclass than AtAIRP1 with a limited sequence identity. AtAIRP2-overexpressing transgenic (35S:AtAIRP2-sGFP) and atairp2 loss-of-function mutant plants exhibited hypersensitive and hyposensitive phenotypes, respectively, to ABA in terms of seed germination, root growth, and stomatal movement. 35S:AtAIRP2-sGFP plants were highly tolerant to severe drought stress, and atairp2 alleles were more susceptible to water stress than were wild-type plants. Higher levels of drought-induced hydrogen peroxide production were detected in 35S:AtAIRP2-sGFP as compared with atairp2 plants. ABA-inducible drought-related genes were up-regulated in 35S:AtAIRP2-sGFP and down-regulated in atairp2 progeny. The positive effects of AtAIRP2 on ABA-induced stress genes were dependent on SNF1-related protein kinases, key components of the ABA signaling pathway. Therefore, AtAIRP2 is involved in positive regulation of ABA-dependent drought stress responses. To address the functional relationship between AtAIRP1 and AtAIRP2, FLAG-AtAIRP1 and AtAIRP2-sGFP genes were ectopically expressed in atairp2-2 and atairp1 plants, respectively. Constitutive expression of FLAG-AtAIRP1 and AtAIRP2-sGFP in atairp2-2 and atairp1 plants, respectively, reciprocally rescued the loss-of-function ABA-insensitive phenotypes during germination. Additionally, atairp1/35S:AtAIRP2-sGFP and atairp2-2/35S:FLAG-AtAIRP1 complementation lines were more tolerant to dehydration stress relative to atairp1 and atairp2-2 single knockout plants. Overall, these results suggest that AtAIRP2 plays combinatory roles with AtAIRP1 in Arabidopsis ABA-mediated drought stress responses.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
AtAIRP2 encodes a cytosolic C3HC4-type RING E3 ubiquitin ligase.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise1 - Gene
- AtAIRP2e0
- Outcome
- cytosolic C3HC4-type RING E3 Ub ligasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AtAIRP2 encodes a cytosolic C3HC4-type RING E3 Ub ligase”
e1“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA markedly induced AtAIRP2 expression.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whose expression was markedly induced by ABA and dehydration stress”
e1“AtAIRP2 encodes”
e2“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
Claim · model-written summary
Dehydration stress markedly induced AtAIRP2 expression.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise2
- Treatment
- dehydration stresse0
- Gene
- AtAIRP2e1
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whose expression was markedly induced by ABA and dehydration stress”
e1“AtAIRP2 encodes”
e2“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
Claim · model-written summary
AtAIRP2 belongs to a different RING subclass from AtAIRP1 with limited sequence identity.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Gene
- AtAIRP2e0
- Outcome
- different RING subclass than AtAIRP1 with a limited sequence identitye0
- Comparator
- AtAIRP1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AtAIRP2 belongs to a different RING subclass than AtAIRP1 with a limited sequence identity”
e1“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
Claim · model-written summary
AtAIRP2 overexpression caused ABA hypersensitivity in germination, root growth and stomatal movement.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Material
- 35S:AtAIRP2-sGFPe0
- Treatment
- ABAe0
- Outcome
- seed germination, root growth, and stomatal movemente0
- Direction
- hypersensitivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AtAIRP2-overexpressing transgenic (35S:AtAIRP2-sGFP) and atairp2 loss-of-function mutant plants exhibited hypersensitive and hyposensitive phenotypes, respectively, to ABA in terms of seed germination, root growth, and stomatal movement.”
e1“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
Claim · model-written summary
Atairp2 loss of function caused ABA hyposensitivity in germination, root growth and stomatal movement.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Material
- atairp2 loss-of-function mutant plantse0
- Treatment
- ABAe0
- Outcome
- seed germination, root growth, and stomatal movemente0
- Direction
- hyposensitivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AtAIRP2-overexpressing transgenic (35S:AtAIRP2-sGFP) and atairp2 loss-of-function mutant plants exhibited hypersensitive and hyposensitive phenotypes, respectively, to ABA in terms of seed germination, root growth, and stomatal movement.”
e1“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
Claim · model-written summary
AtAIRP2 overexpression increased tolerance to severe drought.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Material
- 35S:AtAIRP2-sGFPe0
- Treatment
- severe drought stresse0
- Outcome
- tolerante0
- Direction
- highly tolerante0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“35S:AtAIRP2-sGFP plants were highly tolerant to severe drought stress”
e1“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
Claim · model-written summary
Atairp2 alleles were more susceptible to water stress than wild type.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Material
- atairp2 allelese0
- Treatment
- water stresse0
- Outcome
- susceptible to water stresse0
- Direction
- more susceptiblee0
- Comparator
- wild-type plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“atairp2 alleles were more susceptible to water stress than were wild-type plants”
e1“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought induced more hydrogen peroxide in AtAIRP2 overexpressors than in atairp2 plants.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Material
- 35S:AtAIRP2-sGFPe0
- Treatment
- drought-inducede0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide productione0
- Direction
- Highere0
- Comparator
- atairp2 plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher levels of drought-induced hydrogen peroxide production were detected in 35S:AtAIRP2-sGFP as compared with atairp2 plants.”
e1“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA-inducible drought gene expression increased in AtAIRP2 overexpressors.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Material
- 35S:AtAIRP2-sGFPe0
- Outcome
- ABA-inducible drought-related genese0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ABA-inducible drought-related genes were up-regulated in 35S:AtAIRP2-sGFP”
e1“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA-inducible drought gene expression decreased in atairp2 progeny.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Material
- atairp2 progenye0
- Outcome
- ABA-inducible drought-related genese0
- Direction
- down-regulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ABA-inducible drought-related genes were up-regulated in 35S:AtAIRP2-sGFP and down-regulated in atairp2 progeny.”
e1“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
Claim · model-written summary
AtAIRP2 effects on ABA-induced stress genes depended on SNF1-related protein kinases.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Gene
- SNF1-related protein kinasese0
- Outcome
- positive effects of AtAIRP2 on ABA-induced stress genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The positive effects of AtAIRP2 on ABA-induced stress genes were dependent on SNF1-related protein kinases”
e1“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ectopic FLAG-AtAIRP1 expression rescued ABA-insensitive germination in atairp2-2 plants.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Material
- atairp2-2e0
- Treatment
- Constitutive expression of FLAG-AtAIRP1e0
- Gene
- FLAG-AtAIRP1e0
- Outcome
- loss-of-function ABA-insensitive phenotypes during germinatione0
- Direction
- rescuede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Constitutive expression of FLAG-AtAIRP1 and AtAIRP2-sGFP in atairp2-2 and atairp1 plants, respectively, reciprocally rescued the loss-of-function ABA-insensitive phenotypes during germination.”
e1“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ectopic AtAIRP2-sGFP expression rescued ABA-insensitive germination in atairp1 plants.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Material
- atairp1 plantse0
- Treatment
- Constitutive expression of FLAG-AtAIRP1 and AtAIRP2-sGFPe0
- Gene
- AtAIRP2-sGFPe0
- Outcome
- loss-of-function ABA-insensitive phenotypes during germinatione0
- Direction
- rescuede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Constitutive expression of FLAG-AtAIRP1 and AtAIRP2-sGFP in atairp2-2 and atairp1 plants, respectively, reciprocally rescued the loss-of-function ABA-insensitive phenotypes during germination.”
e1“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
Claim · model-written summary
Atairp1 plants expressing AtAIRP2-sGFP were more dehydration tolerant than atairp1 knockouts.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Material
- atairp1/35S:AtAIRP2-sGFPe0
- Treatment
- dehydration stresse0
- Outcome
- tolerant to dehydration stresse0
- Direction
- more tolerante0
- Comparator
- atairp1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“atairp1/35S:AtAIRP2-sGFP and atairp2-2/35S:FLAG-AtAIRP1 complementation lines were more tolerant to dehydration stress relative to atairp1 and atairp2-2 single knockout plants.”
e1“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
Claim · model-written summary
Atairp2-2 plants expressing FLAG-AtAIRP1 were more dehydration tolerant than atairp2-2 knockouts.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Material
- atairp2-2/35S:FLAG-AtAIRP1e0
- Treatment
- dehydration stresse0
- Outcome
- tolerant to dehydration stresse0
- Direction
- more tolerante0
- Comparator
- atairp2-2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“atairp1/35S:AtAIRP2-sGFP and atairp2-2/35S:FLAG-AtAIRP1 complementation lines were more tolerant to dehydration stress relative to atairp1 and atairp2-2 single knockout plants.”
e1“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
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