Abstract
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, EC 2.6.1.2) is regulated by hypoxia in the roots of several plant species, and by light and nitrogen stress in the leaves of the C 4 plant, broomcorn millet ( Panicum miliaceum ). In order to more fully characterize the regulation of ALT, we isolated a maize alt genomic clone that has high sequence homology to the coding regions of both the barley ( Hordeum vulgare ) and P. miliaceum alt cDNA clones. This is the first plant alt gene isolated to date. The alt gene consists of 15 exons, and has regions of the promoter that are similar to the maize Anaerobic Responsive Element, and to the maize 27‐kDa zein promoter. ALT activity increased 2.1‐fold in roots after 96 h of hypoxic stress, but did not increase significantly in either root or leaf tissue when the plant was subjected to anaerobic conditions. Northern analysis of hypoxic root tissue showed an 18‐fold increase in a single alt mRNA band after 8 h of hypoxic stress, followed by a continual decline in mRNA levels. ALT activity and mRNA levels were also found to increase in root tissue after recovery from nitrogen stress but not after salt, cold or heat stress conditions. These interesting patterns of ALT expression in maize roots as a result of exposure to hypoxia and nitrogen stress are discussed.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
A maize alt genomic clone had high homology to barley and broomcorn millet alt coding regions.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we isolated a maize alt genomic clone that has high sequence homology to the coding regions of both the barley ( Hordeum vulgare ) and P. miliaceum alt cDNA clones”
Claim · model-written summary
The maize alt gene has 15 exons.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The alt gene consists of 15 exons”
e1“maize alt genomic clone”
Claim · model-written summary
The maize alt promoter has regions similar to the Anaerobic Responsive Element and 27‐kDa zein promoter.
- Gene
- alte1
- Outcome
- regions of the promoter that are similar to the maize Anaerobic Responsive Element, and to the maize 27‐kDa zein promotere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“has regions of the promoter that are similar to the maize Anaerobic Responsive Element, and to the maize 27‐kDa zein promoter”
e1“The alt gene consists of 15 exons”
Claim · model-written summary
ALT activity in maize roots increased 2.1‐fold after 96 hours of hypoxia.
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- hypoxic stresse0
- Gene
- ALTe0
- Outcome
- ALT activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.1‐folde0
- Qualifier
- after 96 he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ALT activity increased 2.1‐fold in roots after 96 h of hypoxic stress”
e1“maize roots”
Claim · model-written summary
ALT activity did not increase significantly in roots or leaves under anaerobic conditions.
- Organ / stage
- root or leaf tissuee0
- Treatment
- anaerobic conditionse0
- Gene
- ALTe1
- Outcome
- ALT activitye1
- Direction
- did not increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“did not increase significantly in either root or leaf tissue when the plant was subjected to anaerobic conditions”
e1“ALT activity increased”
e2“maize roots”
Claim · model-written summary
alt mRNA in hypoxic maize roots increased 18‐fold after 8 hours.
- Organ / stage
- root tissuee0
- Treatment
- hypoxic stresse0
- Gene
- alte0
- Outcome
- alt mRNA bande0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 18‐folde0
- Qualifier
- after 8 he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hypoxic root tissue showed an 18‐fold increase in a single alt mRNA band after 8 h of hypoxic stress”
e1“maize roots”
Claim · model-written summary
alt mRNA subsequently declined in hypoxic maize roots.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by a continual decline in mRNA levels”
e1“hypoxic root tissue showed an 18‐fold increase in a single alt mRNA band”
e2“maize roots”
Claim · model-written summary
ALT activity and mRNA levels rose in maize root tissue after recovery from nitrogen stress.
- Organ / stage
- root tissuee0
- Treatment
- recovery from nitrogen stresse0
- Gene
- ALTe0
- Outcome
- ALT activity and mRNA levelse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ALT activity and mRNA levels were also found to increase in root tissue after recovery from nitrogen stress”
e1“maize roots”
Claim · model-written summary
ALT activity and mRNA did not rise after salt, cold or heat stress in maize roots.
- Organ / stage
- root tissuee0
- Treatment
- salt, cold or heat stress conditionse0
- Gene
- ALTe0
- Outcome
- ALT activity and mRNA levelse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ALT activity and mRNA levels were also found to increase in root tissue after recovery from nitrogen stress but not after salt, cold or heat stress conditions”
e1“maize roots”
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