Abstract
A study was conducted to elucidate the effects of chloride in the irrigation water on growth and development of two citrus rootstocks. `Cleopatra' mandarin ( Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tan) is salt tolerant and `Troyer' citrange ( Poncirus Citrus sinensis ) is salt sensitive. Increasing chloride from 2 to 48 m m in the irrigation water resulted in increased leaf chloride levels, more severe damage of the leaves, and reduced branch growth. High chloride in the irrigation water also caused increased putrescine (PUT) and decreased spermine (SPM) contents of the leaves. These effects were slight in `Cleopatra' but highly apparent in `Troyer'. The symptoms caused by high chloride were associated with high PUT and low SPM levels in the leaves. PUT may be involved in the development of chloride toxic symptoms, and SPM may protect or have no effect on chloride plant injury. The leaf polyamine profiles of `Troyer' and `Cleopatra' under nonstress chloride conditions were different. In `Troyer' leaves, PUT level was 9-fold higher than in `Cleopatra'; in `Cleopatra' leaves, SPM level was 25-fold higher than in `Troyer'. Nitrate supplement to saline water reduced chloride accumulation in the leaves and reduced the increase in PUT. The possible connection between ethylene production and PUT and SPM levels in the leaves of stressed plants is discussed.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing chloride in irrigation water increased leaf chloride levels in citrus.
- Treatment
- Increasing chloride from 2 to 48 m m in the irrigation watere1
- Outcome
- leaf chloride levelse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- from 2e1
CitrusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Citrus Plants”
e1“Increasing chloride from 2 to 48 m m in the irrigation water resulted in increased leaf chloride levels, more severe damage of the leaves, and reduced branch growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing chloride in irrigation water caused more severe leaf damage in citrus.
- Treatment
- Increasing chloride from 2 to 48 m m in the irrigation watere1
- Outcome
- damage of the leavese1
- Direction
- more severee1
- Comparator
- from 2e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Citrus Plants”
e1“Increasing chloride from 2 to 48 m m in the irrigation water resulted in increased leaf chloride levels, more severe damage of the leaves, and reduced branch growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing chloride in irrigation water reduced branch growth in citrus.
- Treatment
- Increasing chloride from 2 to 48 m m in the irrigation watere1
- Outcome
- branch growthe1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- from 2e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Citrus Plants”
e1“Increasing chloride from 2 to 48 m m in the irrigation water resulted in increased leaf chloride levels, more severe damage of the leaves, and reduced branch growth”
Claim · model-written summary
High chloride in irrigation water increased putrescine (PUT) in citrus leaves.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Citrus Plants”
e2“High chloride in the irrigation water also caused increased putrescine (PUT) and decreased spermine (SPM) contents of the leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
High chloride in irrigation water decreased spermine (SPM) in citrus leaves.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Citrus Plants”
e2“High chloride in the irrigation water also caused increased putrescine (PUT) and decreased spermine (SPM) contents of the leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
The symptoms caused by high chloride were associated with high PUT and low SPM levels in citrus leaves.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Citrus Plants”
e3“The symptoms caused by high chloride were associated with high PUT and low SPM levels in the leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
PUT may be involved in the development of chloride toxic symptoms.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Citrus Plants”
e4“PUT may be involved in the development of chloride toxic symptoms, and SPM may protect or have no effect on chloride plant injury”
Claim · model-written summary
SPM may protect citrus against chloride plant injury or have no effect.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Citrus Plants”
e4“PUT may be involved in the development of chloride toxic symptoms, and SPM may protect or have no effect on chloride plant injury”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf polyamine profiles of Troyer and Cleopatra were different under nonstress chloride conditions.
- Material
- Troyere5
- Outcome
- leaf polyamine profilese5
- Direction
- differente5
- Qualifier
- under nonstress chloride conditionse5
- Comparator
- Cleopatrae5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Citrus Plants”
e5“The leaf polyamine profiles of `Troyer' and `Cleopatra' under nonstress chloride conditions were different”
Claim · model-written summary
In Troyer leaves, PUT level was 9-fold higher than in Cleopatra.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Citrus Plants”
e6“In `Troyer' leaves, PUT level was 9-fold higher than in `Cleopatra'”
Claim · model-written summary
In Cleopatra leaves, SPM level was 25-fold higher than in Troyer.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Citrus Plants”
e7“in `Cleopatra' leaves, SPM level was 25-fold higher than in `Troyer'”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate supplement to saline water reduced leaf chloride accumulation in citrus.
- Treatment
- Nitrate supplement to saline watere1
- Outcome
- chloride accumulation in the leavese1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Citrus Plants”
e1“Nitrate supplement to saline water reduced chloride accumulation in the leaves and reduced the increase in PUT”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate supplement to saline water reduced the increase in PUT in citrus leaves.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Citrus Plants”
e1“Nitrate supplement to saline water reduced chloride accumulation in the leaves and reduced the increase in PUT”
Claim · model-written summary
Effects of high chloride were slight in Cleopatra but highly apparent in Troyer.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Citrus Plants”
e1“These effects were slight in `Cleopatra' but highly apparent in `Troyer'”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.