Abstract
Progress is being made in understanding the biochemical and molecular basis of nickel (Ni)/zinc (Zn) hyperaccumulation in Thlaspi; however, the molecular signaling pathways that control these mechanisms are not understood. We observed that elevated concentrations of salicylic acid (SA), a molecule known to be involved in signaling induced pathogen defense responses in plants, is a strong predictor of Ni hyperaccumulation in the six diverse Thlaspi species investigated, including the hyperaccumulators Thlaspi goesingense, Thlaspi rosulare, Thlaspi oxyceras, and Thlaspi caerulescens and the nonaccumulators Thlaspi arvense and Thlaspi perfoliatum. Furthermore, the SA metabolites phenylalanine, cinnamic acid, salicyloyl-glucose, and catechol are also elevated in the hyperaccumulator T. goesingense when compared to the nonaccumulators Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and T. arvense. Elevation of free SA levels in Arabidopsis, both genetically and by exogenous feeding, enhances the specific activity of serine acetyltransferase, leading to elevated glutathione and increased Ni resistance. Such SA-mediated Ni resistance in Arabidopsis phenocopies the glutathione-based Ni tolerance previously observed in Thlaspi, suggesting a biochemical linkage between SA and Ni tolerance in this genus. Intriguingly, the hyperaccumulator T. goesingense also shows enhanced sensitivity to the pathogen powdery mildew (Erysiphe cruciferarum) and fails to induce SA biosynthesis after infection. Nickel hyperaccumulation reverses this pathogen hypersensitivity, suggesting that the interaction between pathogen resistance and Ni tolerance and hyperaccumulation may have played a critical role in the evolution of metal hyperaccumulation in the Thlaspi genus.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated salicylic acid strongly predicted Ni hyperaccumulation across six Thlaspi species.
ThlaspiNot reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated concentrations of salicylic acid (SA), a molecule known to be involved in signaling induced pathogen defense responses in plants, is a strong predictor of Ni hyperaccumulation in the six diverse Thlaspi species investigated”
Claim · model-written summary
SA metabolites were elevated in T. goesingense relative to Arabidopsis and T. arvense.
- Taxon
- T. goesingense
Noccaea goesingensise0 - Outcome
- SA metabolites phenylalanine, cinnamic acid, salicyloyl-glucose, and catechole0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Comparator
- Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and T. arvensee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the SA metabolites phenylalanine, cinnamic acid, salicyloyl-glucose, and catechol are also elevated in the hyperaccumulator T. goesingense when compared to the nonaccumulators Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and T. arvense.”
Claim · model-written summary
Raising free SA in Arabidopsis increased serine acetyltransferase specific activity.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise0 - Treatment
- Elevation of free SA levelse0
- Gene
- serine acetyltransferasee0
- Outcome
- specific activity of serine acetyltransferasee0
- Direction
- enhancese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevation of free SA levels in Arabidopsis, both genetically and by exogenous feeding, enhances the specific activity of serine acetyltransferase”
Claim · model-written summary
Raising free SA in Arabidopsis elevated glutathione.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- Elevation of free SA levelse0
- Outcome
- glutathionee0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevation of free SA levels in Arabidopsis, both genetically and by exogenous feeding, enhances the specific activity of serine acetyltransferase, leading to elevated glutathione”
Claim · model-written summary
Raising free SA in Arabidopsis increased Ni resistance.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- Elevation of free SA levelse0
- Outcome
- Ni resistancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevation of free SA levels in Arabidopsis, both genetically and by exogenous feeding, enhances the specific activity of serine acetyltransferase, leading to elevated glutathione and increased Ni resistance.”
Claim · model-written summary
T. goesingense had enhanced sensitivity to powdery mildew.
- Taxon
- T. goesingenseNoccaea goesingensise0
- Interactor
- Erysiphe cruciferarum
.jpg?width=60)
Erysiphe cruciferarume0pathogen - Outcome
- sensitivity to the pathogen powdery mildewe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“the hyperaccumulator T. goesingense also shows enhanced sensitivity to the pathogen powdery mildew (Erysiphe cruciferarum)”
Claim · model-written summary
T. goesingense failed to induce SA biosynthesis after powdery mildew infection.
- Taxon
- T. goesingenseNoccaea goesingensise0
- Interactor
- Erysiphe cruciferarumErysiphe cruciferarume0pathogen
- Outcome
- SA biosynthesise0
- Direction
- fails to inducee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the hyperaccumulator T. goesingense also shows enhanced sensitivity to the pathogen powdery mildew (Erysiphe cruciferarum) and fails to induce SA biosynthesis after infection.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel hyperaccumulation reversed pathogen hypersensitivity in T. goesingense.
- Taxon
- T. goesingenseNoccaea goesingensise0
- Interactor
- Erysiphe cruciferarumErysiphe cruciferarume0pathogen
- Compound
- Nickele0
- Outcome
- pathogen hypersensitivitye0
- Direction
- reversese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the hyperaccumulator T. goesingense also shows enhanced sensitivity to the pathogen powdery mildew (Erysiphe cruciferarum) and fails to induce SA biosynthesis after infection. Nickel hyperaccumulation reverses this pathogen hypersensitivity”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.