Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, four major regulators (ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 [ABI3], FUSCA3 [FUS3], LEAFY COTYLEDON1 [LEC1], and LEC2) control most aspects of seed maturation, such as accumulation of storage compounds, cotyledon identity, acquisition of desiccation tolerance, and dormancy. The molecular basis for complex genetic interactions among these regulators is poorly understood. By analyzing ABI3 and FUS3 expression in various single, double, and triple maturation mutants, we have identified multiple regulatory links among all four genes. We found that one of the major roles of LEC2 was to upregulate FUS3 and ABI3. The lec2 mutation is responsible for a dramatic decrease in ABI3 and FUS3 expression, and most lec2 phenotypes can be rescued by ABI3 or FUS3 constitutive expression. In addition, ABI3 and FUS3 positively regulate themselves and each other, thereby forming feedback loops essential for their sustained and uniform expression in the embryo. Finally, LEC1 also positively regulates ABI3 and FUS3 in the cotyledons. Most of the genetic controls discovered were found to be local and redundant, explaining why they had previously been overlooked. This works establishes a genetic framework for seed maturation, organizing the key regulators of this process into a hierarchical network. In addition, it offers a molecular explanation for the puzzling variable features of lec2 mutant embryos.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Analysis identified multiple regulatory links among four maturation genes.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae1 - Gene
- ABI3e1
- Outcome
- multiple regulatory linkse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we have identified multiple regulatory links among all four genes”
e1“In Arabidopsis thaliana, four major regulators (ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 [ABI3], FUSCA3 [FUS3], LEAFY COTYLEDON1 [LEC1], and LEC2)”
Claim · model-written summary
LEC2 upregulated FUS3.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Gene
- LEC2e0
- Outcome
- upregulate FUS3e0
- Direction
- upregulatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“one of the major roles of LEC2 was to upregulate FUS3”
e1“In Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
LEC2 upregulated ABI3.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Gene
- LEC2e0
- Outcome
- ABI3e0
- Direction
- upregulatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“one of the major roles of LEC2 was to upregulate FUS3 and ABI3”
e1“In Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
lec2 mutation strongly decreased ABI3 expression.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- lec2 mutatione0
- Gene
- ABI3e0
- Outcome
- ABI3 and FUS3 expressione0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lec2 mutation is responsible for a dramatic decrease in ABI3 and FUS3 expression”
e1“In Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
lec2 mutation strongly decreased FUS3 expression.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- lec2 mutatione0
- Gene
- FUS3e0
- Outcome
- ABI3 and FUS3 expressione0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lec2 mutation is responsible for a dramatic decrease in ABI3 and FUS3 expression”
e1“In Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Constitutive ABI3 expression rescued most lec2 phenotypes.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- ABI3e0
- Outcome
- lec2 phenotypese0
- Direction
- rescuede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“most lec2 phenotypes can be rescued by ABI3 or FUS3 constitutive expression”
e1“In Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Constitutive FUS3 expression rescued most lec2 phenotypes.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- FUS3 constitutive expressione0
- Outcome
- lec2 phenotypese0
- Direction
- rescuede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“most lec2 phenotypes can be rescued by ABI3 or FUS3 constitutive expression”
e1“In Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
ABI3 positively autoregulated its expression.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Gene
- ABI3e0
- Outcome
- regulate themselvese0
- Direction
- positivelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ABI3 and FUS3 positively regulate themselves and each other”
e1“In Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
FUS3 positively autoregulated its expression.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Gene
- FUS3e0
- Outcome
- regulate themselvese0
- Direction
- positivelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ABI3 and FUS3 positively regulate themselves and each other”
e1“In Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
ABI3 positively regulated FUS3.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Gene
- ABI3e0
- Outcome
- regulate themselves and each othere0
- Direction
- positivelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ABI3 and FUS3 positively regulate themselves and each other”
e1“In Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
FUS3 positively regulated ABI3.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Gene
- FUS3e0
- Outcome
- regulate themselves and each othere0
- Direction
- positivelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ABI3 and FUS3 positively regulate themselves and each other”
e1“In Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
The feedback loops support sustained uniform expression in embryos.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Outcome
- sustained and uniform expression in the embryoe0
- Qualifier
- feedback loopse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“forming feedback loops essential for their sustained and uniform expression in the embryo”
e1“In Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
LEC1 positively regulated ABI3 in cotyledons.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Organ / stage
- cotyledonse0
- Gene
- LEC1e0
- Outcome
- ABI3e0
- Direction
- positivelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“LEC1 also positively regulates ABI3 and FUS3 in the cotyledons”
e1“In Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
LEC1 positively regulated FUS3 in cotyledons.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Organ / stage
- cotyledonse0
- Gene
- LEC1e0
- Outcome
- FUS3e0
- Direction
- positivelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“LEC1 also positively regulates ABI3 and FUS3 in the cotyledons”
e1“In Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Most discovered genetic controls were local and redundant.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Outcome
- genetic controls discovered were found to be local and redundante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Most of the genetic controls discovered were found to be local and redundant”
e1“In Arabidopsis thaliana”
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