Abstract
Both Fe deficiency and Cd exposure induce rapid changes in the S nutritional requirement of plants. The aim of this work was to characterize the strategies adopted by plants to cope with both Fe deficiency (release of phytosiderophores) and Cd contamination [production of glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatins] when grown under conditions of limited S supply. Experiments were performed in hydroponics, using barley plants grown under S sufficiency (1.2 mM sulphate) and S deficiency (0 mM sulphate), with or without Fe(III)-EDTA at 0.08 mM for 11 d and subsequently exposed to 0.05 mM Cd for 24 h or 72 h. In S-sufficient plants, Fe deficiency enhanced both root and shoot Cd concentrations and increased GSH and phytochelatin levels. In S-deficient plants, Fe starvation caused a slight increase in Cd concentration, but this change was accompanied neither by an increase in GSH nor by an accumulation of phytochelatins. Release of phytosiderophores, only detectable in Fe-deficient plants, was strongly decreased by S deficiency and further reduced after Cd treatment. In roots Cd exposure increased the expression of the high affinity sulphate transporter gene (HvST1) regardless of the S supply, and the expression of the Fe deficiency-responsive genes, HvYS1 and HvIDS2, irrespective of Fe supply. In conclusion, adequate S availability is necessary to cope with Fe deficiency and Cd toxicity in barley plants. Moreover, it appears that in Fe-deficient plants grown in the presence of Cd with limited S supply, sulphur may be preferentially employed in the pathway for biosynthesis of phytosiderophores, rather than for phytochelatin production.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Iron deficiency increased root and shoot cadmium concentrations under sufficient sulfur.
- Taxon
- barley plants
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaret0 - Treatment
- Fe deficiencye0
- Outcome
- root and shoot Cd concentrationse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“In S-sufficient plants, Fe deficiency enhanced both root and shoot Cd concentrations”
t0“barley plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron deficiency increased glutathione and phytochelatin levels under sufficient sulfur.
- Taxon
- barley plantsHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Fe deficiencye0
- Outcome
- GSH and phytochelatin levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In S-sufficient plants, Fe deficiency enhanced both root and shoot Cd concentrations and increased GSH and phytochelatin levels”
t0“barley plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron starvation slightly increased cadmium concentration under sulfur deficiency.
- Taxon
- barley plantsHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Fe starvatione0
- Outcome
- Cd concentratione0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- S-deficient plantse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In S-deficient plants, Fe starvation caused a slight increase in Cd concentration”
t0“barley plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron starvation did not increase GSH or accumulate phytochelatins under sulfur deficiency.
- Taxon
- barley plantsHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Fe starvatione1
- Outcome
- GSH nor by an accumulation of phytochelatinse0
- Direction
- neither by an increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this change was accompanied neither by an increase in GSH nor by an accumulation of phytochelatins”
e1“In S-deficient plants, Fe starvation caused a slight increase in Cd concentration”
t0“barley plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytosiderophore release was detectable only in iron-deficient plants.
- Taxon
- barley plantsHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- Release of phytosiderophorese0
- Qualifier
- Fe-deficient plantse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Release of phytosiderophores, only detectable in Fe-deficient plants”
t0“barley plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur deficiency decreased phytosiderophore release.
- Taxon
- barley plantsHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- S deficiencye0
- Outcome
- Release of phytosiderophorese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Release of phytosiderophores, only detectable in Fe-deficient plants, was strongly decreased by S deficiency”
t0“barley plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium treatment further reduced phytosiderophore release.
- Taxon
- barley plantsHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Cd treatmente0
- Outcome
- Release of phytosiderophorese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Release of phytosiderophores, only detectable in Fe-deficient plants, was strongly decreased by S deficiency and further reduced after Cd treatment”
t0“barley plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium exposure increased root HvST1 expression regardless of sulfur supply.
- Taxon
- barley plantsHordeum vulgaret0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- Cd exposuree0
- Gene
- HvST1e0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- regardless of the S supplye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In roots Cd exposure increased the expression of the high affinity sulphate transporter gene (HvST1) regardless of the S supply”
t0“barley plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium exposure increased HvYS1 and HvIDS2 expression regardless of iron supply.
- Taxon
- barley plantsHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Cd exposuree0
- Gene
- HvYS1 and HvIDS2e0
- Outcome
- expression of the Fe deficiency-responsive genese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- irrespective of Fe supplye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd exposure increased the expression of the high affinity sulphate transporter gene (HvST1) regardless of the S supply, and the expression of the Fe deficiency-responsive genes, HvYS1 and HvIDS2, irrespective of Fe supply”
t0“barley plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that limited sulfur may favor phytosiderophore synthesis over phytochelatin production in iron-deficient plants exposed to cadmium.
- Taxon
- barley plantsHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- biosynthesis of phytosiderophorese0
- Qualifier
- sulphur may be preferentially employede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in Fe-deficient plants grown in the presence of Cd with limited S supply, sulphur may be preferentially employed in the pathway for biosynthesis of phytosiderophores, rather than for phytochelatin production”
t0“barley plants”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.