Abstract
Abstract The aim of the study was to examine impacts of calcium chloride (CaCl2) sprays on quality and 'Conference' pear (Pyrus communis L.) storability. The experiment was carried out during 2002–2008 at a commercial orchard in Central Poland, on mature pear trees grafted on Quince S1 (Cydonia oblonga Mill.). The trees were planted at a spacing of 3.5 × 1.5 m, on a coarse-textured soil with low organic matter status, optimal pH, and adequate contents of available macro- and micronutrients. The efficiencies of two, four, or six sprays of CaCl2 were examined. The first treatment in all CaCl2 spray combinations was made six weeks after full bloom (the end of June), and the last one two weeks before harvest. Intervals between measures in the combinations of four and six sprays of CaCl2 were 4 and 2 weeks, respectively. A rate of CaCl2 depended on the tree growth stage; up to mid July a dose of CaCl2 was 2 kg ha−1, whereas in the later period 4 kg ha−1. Calcium chloride sprays were made at a volume of 1000 dm3 of water per ha. The trees unsprayed with CaCl2 served as the control. Because in 2005 and 2007 most flowers were damaged by spring frost, CaCl2 sprays in those years were not performed. The obtained results demonstrated that CaCl2 sprays did not affect fruit yield, mean fruit weight, fruit russeting, and ground skin color, soluble solids concentration (SSC), and titratable acidity of fruit at harvest. At harvest, in 2 out of 5 years of the study, pears sprayed six times with CaCl2 had increased firmness, and decreased values of both starch index and Streif's index. Only six sprays of CaCl2 enhanced pear Ca level. After storage (150 days at 0°C plus two days at room temperature) pears sprayed six times with CaCl2 were firmer, greener, and less sensitive to internal browning than those of the control plots. In three out of five years, pears sprayed six times with CaCl2 contained more organic acids after storage than the control fruit. Preharvest CaCl2 sprays had no effect on SSC in pears and their decay after storage. It is concluded that in 'Conference' pear orchards six preharvest sprays of CaCl2 should be applied to improve fruit storability. Keywords: pear treecalcium chloride spraysquality and fruit storability
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium chloride sprays did not affect fruit yield or mean fruit weight.
- Taxon
- PEAR
_Poirier_Fleurs_et_feuilles.jpg?width=60)
Pyrus communist0 - Treatment
- CaCl2 sprayse0
- Outcome
- fruit yield, mean fruit weighte0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Poirier_Fleurs_et_feuilles.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“PEAR”
e0“CaCl2 sprays did not affect fruit yield, mean fruit weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium chloride sprays did not affect fruit russeting or ground skin color at harvest.
- Taxon
- PEARPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- CaCl2 sprayse0
- Outcome
- fruit russeting, and ground skin colore0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“PEAR”
e0“CaCl2 sprays did not affect fruit yield, mean fruit weight, fruit russeting, and ground skin color, soluble solids concentration (SSC), and titratable acidity of fruit at harvest.”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium chloride sprays did not affect soluble solids concentration or titratable acidity at harvest.
- Taxon
- PEARPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- CaCl2 sprayse0
- Outcome
- soluble solids concentration (SSC), and titratable aciditye0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“PEAR”
e0“CaCl2 sprays did not affect fruit yield, mean fruit weight, fruit russeting, and ground skin color, soluble solids concentration (SSC), and titratable acidity of fruit at harvest.”
Claim · model-written summary
Six calcium chloride sprays increased firmness at harvest in two of five study years.
- Taxon
- PEARPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- sprayed six times with CaCl2e0
- Outcome
- firmnesse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- in 2 out of 5 yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“PEAR”
e0“in 2 out of 5 years of the study, pears sprayed six times with CaCl2 had increased firmness”
Claim · model-written summary
Six calcium chloride sprays decreased starch and Streif indices at harvest in two of five years.
- Taxon
- PEARPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- sprayed six times with CaCl2e0
- Outcome
- starch index and Streif's indexe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- in 2 out of 5 yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“PEAR”
e0“in 2 out of 5 years of the study, pears sprayed six times with CaCl2 had increased firmness, and decreased values of both starch index and Streif's index.”
Claim · model-written summary
Only six calcium chloride sprays enhanced pear calcium level.
- Taxon
- PEARPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- six sprays of CaCl2e0
- Outcome
- pear Ca levele0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“PEAR”
e0“Only six sprays of CaCl2 enhanced pear Ca level.”
Claim · model-written summary
After storage, pears sprayed six times with calcium chloride were firmer than controls.
- Taxon
- PEARPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- sprayed six times with CaCl2e0
- Outcome
- firmere0
- Direction
- firmere0
- Qualifier
- 150 days at 0°C plus two days at room temperaturee0
- Comparator
- control plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“PEAR”
e0“After storage (150 days at 0°C plus two days at room temperature) pears sprayed six times with CaCl2 were firmer, greener, and less sensitive to internal browning than those of the control plots.”
Claim · model-written summary
After storage, pears sprayed six times with calcium chloride were greener than controls.
- Taxon
- PEARPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- sprayed six times with CaCl2e0
- Outcome
- greenere0
- Direction
- greenere0
- Comparator
- control plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“PEAR”
e0“After storage (150 days at 0°C plus two days at room temperature) pears sprayed six times with CaCl2 were firmer, greener, and less sensitive to internal browning than those of the control plots.”
Claim · model-written summary
After storage, pears sprayed six times with calcium chloride were less sensitive to internal browning than controls.
- Taxon
- PEARPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- sprayed six times with CaCl2e0
- Outcome
- internal browninge0
- Direction
- less sensitivee0
- Comparator
- control plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“PEAR”
e0“After storage (150 days at 0°C plus two days at room temperature) pears sprayed six times with CaCl2 were firmer, greener, and less sensitive to internal browning than those of the control plots.”
Claim · model-written summary
In three of five years, six sprays increased stored fruit organic acids over controls.
- Taxon
- PEARPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- sprayed six times with CaCl2e0
- Outcome
- organic acidse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Qualifier
- three out of five yearse0
- Comparator
- control fruite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“PEAR”
e0“In three out of five years, pears sprayed six times with CaCl2 contained more organic acids after storage than the control fruit.”
Claim · model-written summary
Preharvest calcium chloride sprays did not affect soluble solids concentration or decay after storage.
- Taxon
- PEARPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- Preharvest CaCl2 sprayse0
- Outcome
- SSC in pears and their decaye0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“PEAR”
e0“Preharvest CaCl2 sprays had no effect on SSC in pears and their decay after storage.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend six preharvest calcium chloride sprays to improve Conference pear storability.
- Taxon
- PEARPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- six preharvest sprays of CaCl2e0
- Outcome
- improve fruit storabilitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“PEAR”
e0“in 'Conference' pear orchards six preharvest sprays of CaCl2 should be applied to improve fruit storability”
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See all 18 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.