Abstract
To examine the hypothesis that superficial scald of apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) is a chilling injury, `Granny Smith' apples were stored at temperatures ranging from 0 to 20C, temperature-conditioned before storage, and warmed during storage. Fruit stored at 0 or 4C developed supeficial scald. At 10C, surface defects occurred but they were not typical symptoms of scald, and at 15 or 20C no symptoms developed. Accumulation of α-1 faroesene and conjugated trienes in fruit peel correlated with increasing ethylene production, which was greater at higher temperatures. However, concentrations of conjugated trienes were highest at 0 and 4C. When fruit were kept at 10C for 5 or 10 days before storage, scald development after storage was not reduced. An interruption of 0C storage with a single warming period at 10 or 20C reduced scald development after 25 weeks of storage, maximum reduction occurring when fruit were warmed for 3 to 5 days at 20C after 1 to 4 weeks at 0C. Amelioration of scald declined as time at 0C before warming increased. Diphenylamine application after the same intervals at 0C, instead of warming, also was less beneficial as time before treatment increased. α-Farnesene and conjugated trienes increased during warming, but at the end of storage (when scald was developing) the conjugated triene concentrations in peel were reduced in fruit that had been warmed. Warming slightly increased yellowing, softening, and greasiness of fruit after storage, We conclude that chilling induced superficial scald on `Granny Smith' apples.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Scald developed at 0 or 4C.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Outcome
- supeficial scalde0
- Setting
- 0 or 4Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit stored at 0 or 4C developed supeficial scald.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10C surface defects were atypical of scald.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- surface defectse0
- Setting
- 10Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 10C, surface defects occurred but they were not typical symptoms of scald”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
At 15 or 20C symptoms did not develop.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- no symptoms developede0
- Setting
- 15 or 20Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at 15 or 20C no symptoms developed.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Alpha-1 faroesene and conjugated triene accumulation correlated with ethylene production.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- fruit peele0
- Compound
- ethylenee0
- Outcome
- Accumulation of α-1 faroesene and conjugated trienese0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Accumulation of α-1 faroesene and conjugated trienes in fruit peel correlated with increasing ethylene production, which was greater at higher temperatures.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene production was greater at higher temperature.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- ethylene productione0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Setting
- higher temperaturese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ethylene production, which was greater at higher temperatures.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Conjugated triene concentrations were highest at 0 and 4C.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- concentrations of conjugated trienese0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- 0 and 4Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“concentrations of conjugated trienes were highest at 0 and 4C.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Prestorage at 10C did not reduce scald.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 10C for 5 or 10 days before storagee0
- Outcome
- scald development after storagee0
- Direction
- not reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When fruit were kept at 10C for 5 or 10 days before storage, scald development after storage was not reduced.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
A warming interruption reduced scald after 25 weeks.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- a single warming period at 10 or 20Ce0
- Outcome
- scald developmente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- after 25 weeks of storagee0
- Comparator
- 0C storagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An interruption of 0C storage with a single warming period at 10 or 20C reduced scald development after 25 weeks of storage”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum scald reduction occurred with 3–5 days at 20C after 1–4 weeks at 0C.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- warmed for 3 to 5 days at 20C after 1 to 4 weeks at 0Ce0
- Outcome
- maximum reductione0
- Direction
- maximume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum reduction occurring when fruit were warmed for 3 to 5 days at 20C after 1 to 4 weeks at 0C.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Scald amelioration declined with longer 0C storage before warming.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- Amelioration of scalde0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Setting
- time at 0C before warminge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Amelioration of scald declined as time at 0C before warming increased.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Later diphenylamine application was less beneficial.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Diphenylamine applicatione0
- Outcome
- less beneficiale0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Setting
- time before treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Diphenylamine application after the same intervals at 0C, instead of warming, also was less beneficial as time before treatment increased.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Alpha-farnesene increased during warming.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- warminge0
- Outcome
- α-Farnesenee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“α-Farnesene and conjugated trienes increased during warming”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Conjugated trienes increased during warming.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- warminge0
- Outcome
- conjugated trienese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“α-Farnesene and conjugated trienes increased during warming”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Warmed fruit had reduced peel conjugated trienes at the end of storage.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- warmede0
- Outcome
- conjugated triene concentrations in peele0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at the end of storage (when scald was developing) the conjugated triene concentrations in peel were reduced in fruit that had been warmed.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming slightly increased fruit yellowing, softening and greasiness.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Warminge0
- Outcome
- yellowing, softening, and greasiness of fruite0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Warming slightly increased yellowing, softening, and greasiness of fruit after storage”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors conclude chilling induced superficial scald.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Material
- `Granny Smith'e0
- Treatment
- chillinge0
- Outcome
- superficial scalde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We conclude that chilling induced superficial scald on `Granny Smith' apples.”
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