Abstract
The role of ethylene in kochia injury following the application of dicamba and other auxinic herbicides is not known. Experiments were conducted to evaluate kochia response to ethylene generated within plant tissue and to quantify ethylene emission from kochia following dicamba application to determine if ethylene production could be used to differentiate between dicamba-susceptible (S) and dicamba-resistant (R) kochia accessions. Dicamba at 0.28 kg ha −1 and fluroxypyr at 0.28 kg ha −1 caused severe stem and petiole twisting within 6 h of application, with S kochia exhibiting a greater level of epinasty than R kochia and fluroxypyr causing more epinasty than dicamba. Fluroxypyr provided similar control of S and R kochia, but dicamba provided less control of R kochia than S kochia. Ethylene evolution in S kochia from ethephon at 1.1 kg ha −1 and dicamba at 0.28 kg ha −1 was similar, approximately 70 ng (g fresh weight) −1 h −1 . Elevated ethylene concentration from as much as 2 kg ha −1 ethephon did not produce epinastic symptoms or other plant response in S or R kochia. Ethylene evolution following dicamba application increased with time up to 48 h after application and with increasing dicamba rate up to 0.56 kg ha −1 , which were the end points of the research. Ethylene evolution from the S accession was 2.5 times that of the R accession averaged across dicamba rates and harvest times. The greatest difference in ethylene evolution between S and R accessions occurred 24 h after treatment at 0.14 kg ha −1 dicamba, with S kochia producing ethylene at 470%, compared with R kochia.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba and fluroxypyr caused severe stem and petiole twisting within six hours, greater in susceptible kochia and with fluroxypyr.
- Treatment
- Dicamba at 0.28 kg ha −1 and fluroxypyr at 0.28 kg ha −1e0
- Outcome
- stem and petiole twistinge0
- Direction
- severee0
- Qualifier
- within 6 h of applicatione0
- Comparator
- R kochiae0
BassiaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dicamba at 0.28 kg ha −1 and fluroxypyr at 0.28 kg ha −1 caused severe stem and petiole twisting within 6 h of application, with S kochia exhibiting a greater level of epinasty than R kochia and fluroxypyr causing more epinasty than dicamba.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluroxypyr controlled susceptible and resistant kochia similarly.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fluroxypyr provided similar control of S and R kochia”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba controlled resistant kochia less than susceptible kochia.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dicamba provided less control of R kochia than S kochia”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon and dicamba produced similar ethylene evolution in susceptible kochia, about 70 ng per gram fresh weight per hour.
- Material
- S kochiae0
- Treatment
- ethephon at 1.1 kg ha −1e0
- Outcome
- Ethylene evolutione0
- Direction
- similare0
- Value
- 70 ng (g fresh weight) −1 h −1e0
- Comparator
- dicamba at 0.28 kg ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethylene evolution in S kochia from ethephon at 1.1 kg ha −1 and dicamba at 0.28 kg ha −1 was similar, approximately 70 ng (g fresh weight) −1 h −1 .”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon up to 2 kg per hectare did not produce epinasty or another plant response in either kochia accession.
- Treatment
- 2 kg ha −1 ethephone0
- Outcome
- epinastic symptoms or other plant responsee0
- Direction
- did not producee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated ethylene concentration from as much as 2 kg ha −1 ethephon did not produce epinastic symptoms or other plant response in S or R kochia.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene evolution increased with time through 48 hours after dicamba application.
- Treatment
- dicamba applicatione0
- Outcome
- Ethylene evolutione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- up to 48 h after applicatione0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Ethylene evolution following dicamba application increased with time up to 48 h after application”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene evolution rose with dicamba rate up to 0.56 kg per hectare.
- Treatment
- dicamba ratee1
- Outcome
- Ethylene evolutione1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- up to 0.56 kg ha −1e0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“with increasing dicamba rate up to 0.56 kg ha −1”
e1“Ethylene evolution following dicamba application increased with time up to 48 h after application and with increasing dicamba rate up to 0.56 kg ha −1”
Claim · model-written summary
Susceptible kochia released 2.5 times as much ethylene as resistant kochia across dicamba rates and harvest times.
- Material
- S accessione0
- Outcome
- Ethylene evolutione0
- Value
- 2.5 timese0
- Qualifier
- averaged across dicamba rates and harvest timese0
- Comparator
- R accessione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethylene evolution from the S accession was 2.5 times that of the R accession averaged across dicamba rates and harvest times.”
t0“kochia”
Claim · model-written summary
The greatest susceptible versus resistant difference in ethylene evolution occurred 24 hours after 0.14 kg per hectare dicamba, with susceptible kochia at 470% of resistant kochia.
- Material
- Se0
- Treatment
- 0.14 kg ha −1 dicambae0
- Outcome
- ethylene evolutione0
- Direction
- greatest differencee0
- Value
- 470%e0
- Qualifier
- 24 h after treatmente0
- Comparator
- R accessionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The greatest difference in ethylene evolution between S and R accessions occurred 24 h after treatment at 0.14 kg ha −1 dicamba, with S kochia producing ethylene at 470%, compared with R kochia.”
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See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.