Abstract
Despite numerous reports implicating salicylic acid (SA) in plant salinity responses, the specific ionic mechanisms of SA-mediated adaptation to salt stress remain elusive. To address this issue, a non-invasive microelectrode ion flux estimation technique was used to study kinetics of NaCl-induced net ion fluxes in Arabidopsis thaliana in response to various SA concentrations and incubation times. NaCl-induced K(+) efflux and H(+) influx from the mature root zone were both significantly decreased in roots pretreated with 10-500 μM SA, with strongest effect being observed in the 10-50 μM SA range. Considering temporal dynamics (0-8-h SA pretreatment), the 1-h pretreatment was most effective in enhancing K(+) retention in the cytosol. The pharmacological, membrane potential, and shoot K(+) and Na(+) accumulation data were all consistent with the model in which the SA pretreatment enhanced activity of H(+)-ATPase, decreased NaCl-induced membrane depolarization, and minimized NaCl-induced K(+) leakage from the cell within the first hour of salt stress. In long-term treatments, SA increased shoot K(+) and decreased shoot Na(+) accumulation. The short-term NaCl-induced K(+) efflux was smallest in the gork1-1 mutant, followed by the rbohD mutant, and was highest in the wild type. Most significantly, the SA pretreatment decreased the NaCl-induced K(+) efflux from rbohD and the wild type to the level of gork1-1, whereas no effect was observed in gork1-1. These data provide the first direct evidence that the SA pretreatment ameliorates salinity stress by counteracting NaCl-induced membrane depolarization and by decreasing K(+) efflux via GORK channels.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
SA pretreatment significantly decreased salt induced potassium efflux from mature roots.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae1 - Organ / stage
- mature root zonee0
- Treatment
- 10-500 μM SAe0
- Outcome
- NaCl-induced K(+) effluxe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NaCl-induced K(+) efflux and H(+) influx from the mature root zone were both significantly decreased in roots pretreated with 10-500 μM SA”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
SA pretreatment significantly decreased salt induced hydrogen influx from mature roots.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Organ / stage
- mature root zonee0
- Treatment
- 10-500 μM SAe0
- Outcome
- H(+) influxe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NaCl-induced K(+) efflux and H(+) influx from the mature root zone were both significantly decreased in roots pretreated with 10-500 μM SA”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
The strongest ion flux response occurred with 10-50 μM SA.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- 10-50 μM SAe0
- Outcome
- strongest effecte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with strongest effect being observed in the 10-50 μM SA range”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
One hour of SA pretreatment was most effective for cytosolic potassium retention.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Organ / stage
- cytosole0
- Treatment
- 1-h pretreatmente0
- Outcome
- K(+) retentione0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 1-h pretreatment was most effective in enhancing K(+) retention in the cytosol”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
SA pretreatment was consistent with enhanced H(+)-ATPase activity.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- SA pretreatmente0
- Gene
- H(+)-ATPasee0
- Outcome
- enhanced activity of H(+)-ATPasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA pretreatment enhanced activity of H(+)-ATPase”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
SA pretreatment decreased salt induced membrane depolarization.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- SA pretreatmente0
- Outcome
- NaCl-induced membrane depolarizatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA pretreatment enhanced activity of H(+)-ATPase, decreased NaCl-induced membrane depolarization”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
SA pretreatment minimized salt induced potassium leakage in the first hour of salt stress.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- SA pretreatmente2
- Outcome
- NaCl-induced K(+) leakagee0
- Direction
- minimizede0
- Qualifier
- within the first hour of salt stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“minimized NaCl-induced K(+) leakage from the cell within the first hour of salt stress”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e2“SA pretreatment enhanced activity of H(+)-ATPase”
Claim · model-written summary
Long term SA treatment increased shoot potassium accumulation.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- SAe0
- Outcome
- shoot K(+)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- long-term treatmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In long-term treatments, SA increased shoot K(+) and decreased shoot Na(+) accumulation”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Long term SA treatment decreased shoot sodium accumulation.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- SAe0
- Outcome
- shoot Na(+) accumulatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- long-term treatmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In long-term treatments, SA increased shoot K(+) and decreased shoot Na(+) accumulation”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Short term salt induced potassium efflux was smallest in gork1-1.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Material
- gork1-1 mutante0
- Outcome
- short-term NaCl-induced K(+) effluxe0
- Direction
- smalleste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The short-term NaCl-induced K(+) efflux was smallest in the gork1-1 mutant”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Short term salt induced potassium efflux was intermediate in rbohD.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Material
- rbohD mutante0
- Outcome
- short-term NaCl-induced K(+) effluxe0
- Direction
- followed bye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The short-term NaCl-induced K(+) efflux was smallest in the gork1-1 mutant, followed by the rbohD mutant, and was highest in the wild type”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Short term salt induced potassium efflux was highest in wild type.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Material
- wild typee0
- Outcome
- short-term NaCl-induced K(+) effluxe0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The short-term NaCl-induced K(+) efflux was smallest in the gork1-1 mutant, followed by the rbohD mutant, and was highest in the wild type”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
SA pretreatment decreased salt induced potassium efflux in rbohD to the gork1-1 level.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Material
- rbohDe0
- Treatment
- SA pretreatmente0
- Outcome
- NaCl-induced K(+) effluxe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- gork1-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA pretreatment decreased the NaCl-induced K(+) efflux from rbohD and the wild type to the level of gork1-1”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
SA pretreatment decreased salt induced potassium efflux in wild type to the gork1-1 level.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Material
- wild typee0
- Treatment
- SA pretreatmente0
- Outcome
- NaCl-induced K(+) effluxe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- gork1-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA pretreatment decreased the NaCl-induced K(+) efflux from rbohD and the wild type to the level of gork1-1”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
SA pretreatment had no observed effect on salt induced potassium efflux in gork1-1.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Material
- gork1-1e0
- Outcome
- no effecte0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whereas no effect was observed in gork1-1”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
SA was interpreted to alleviate salt stress by counteracting membrane depolarization.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- SA pretreatmente0
- Outcome
- salinity stresse0
- Qualifier
- counteracting NaCl-induced membrane depolarizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA pretreatment ameliorates salinity stress by counteracting NaCl-induced membrane depolarization”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
SA was interpreted to alleviate salt stress by reducing potassium efflux via GORK channels.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- SA pretreatmente0
- Gene
- GORKe0
- Outcome
- salinity stresse0
- Qualifier
- decreasing K(+) efflux via GORK channelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA pretreatment ameliorates salinity stress by counteracting NaCl-induced membrane depolarization and by decreasing K(+) efflux via GORK channels”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
The same questions in other papers
salicylic acid · molecular: metabolites · Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.