Abstract
Although physiological effects of acute flooding have been well studied, chronic effects of suboptimal soil aeration caused by over-irrigation of containerized plants have not, despite its likely commercial significance. By automatically scheduling irrigation according to soil moisture thresholds, effects of over-irrigation on soil properties (oxygen concentration, temperature and moisture), leaf growth, gas exchange, phytohormone [abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene] relations and nutrient status of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill. cv. Ailsa Craig) were studied. Over-irrigation slowly increased soil moisture and decreased soil oxygen concentration by 4%. Soil temperature was approximately 1°C lower in the over-irrigated substrate. Over-irrigating tomato plants for 2 weeks significantly reduced shoot height (by 25%) and fresh weight and total leaf area (by 60-70%) compared with well-drained plants. Over-irrigation did not alter stomatal conductance, leaf water potential or foliar ABA concentrations, suggesting that growth inhibition was not hydraulically regulated or dependent on stomatal closure or changes in ABA. However, over-irrigation significantly increased foliar ethylene emission. Ethylene seemed to inhibit growth, as the partially ethylene-insensitive genotype Never ripe (Nr) was much less sensitive to over-irrigation than the wild type. Over-irrigation induced significant foliar nitrogen deficiency and daily supplementation of small volumes of 10 mM Ca(NO3 )2 to over-irrigated soil restored foliar nitrogen concentrations, ethylene emission and shoot fresh weight of over-irrigated plants to control levels. Thus reduced nitrogen uptake plays an important role in inhibiting growth of over-irrigated plants, in part by stimulating foliar ethylene emission.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Over-irrigation increased soil moisture and reduced soil oxygen by 4%.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Treatment
- Over-irrigatione0
- Outcome
- soil oxygen concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Over-irrigation slowly increased soil moisture and decreased soil oxygen concentration by 4%.”
e1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill. cv. Ailsa Craig)”
Claim · model-written summary
Over-irrigation slowly raised soil moisture.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- Over-irrigatione0
- Outcome
- soil moisturee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Over-irrigation slowly increased soil moisture and decreased soil oxygen concentration by 4%.”
e1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill. cv. Ailsa Craig)”
Claim · model-written summary
The over-irrigated substrate was approximately 1°C cooler.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- over-irrigatede0
- Outcome
- Soil temperaturee0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 1°Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil temperature was approximately 1°C lower in the over-irrigated substrate.”
e1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill. cv. Ailsa Craig)”
Claim · model-written summary
Two weeks of over-irrigation reduced tomato shoot height by 25% versus well-drained plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Over-irrigatinge0
- Outcome
- shoot heighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 25%e0
- Qualifier
- 2 weekse0
- Comparator
- well-drained plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Over-irrigating tomato plants for 2 weeks significantly reduced shoot height (by 25%) and fresh weight and total leaf area (by 60-70%) compared with well-drained plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Two weeks of over-irrigation reduced fresh weight and leaf area by 60-70%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Over-irrigatinge0
- Outcome
- fresh weight and total leaf areae0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 60-70%e0
- Comparator
- well-drained plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Over-irrigating tomato plants for 2 weeks significantly reduced shoot height (by 25%) and fresh weight and total leaf area (by 60-70%) compared with well-drained plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Over-irrigation did not alter stomatal conductance, leaf water potential, or foliar ABA.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- Over-irrigatione0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance, leaf water potential or foliar ABA concentrationse0
- Direction
- did not altere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Over-irrigation did not alter stomatal conductance, leaf water potential or foliar ABA concentrations”
e1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill. cv. Ailsa Craig)”
Claim · model-written summary
Over-irrigation significantly increased foliar ethylene emission.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- over-irrigatione0
- Outcome
- foliar ethylene emissione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“over-irrigation significantly increased foliar ethylene emission.”
e1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill. cv. Ailsa Craig)”
Claim · model-written summary
The Never ripe genotype was much less sensitive to over-irrigation than wild type.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Material
- Never ripe (Nr)e0
- Treatment
- over-irrigatione0
- Outcome
- sensitive to over-irrigatione0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- wild typee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the partially ethylene-insensitive genotype Never ripe (Nr) was much less sensitive to over-irrigation than the wild type.”
e1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill. cv. Ailsa Craig)”
Claim · model-written summary
Over-irrigation caused significant foliar nitrogen deficiency.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- Over-irrigatione0
- Outcome
- foliar nitrogen deficiencye0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Over-irrigation induced significant foliar nitrogen deficiency”
e1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill. cv. Ailsa Craig)”
Claim · model-written summary
Daily 10 mM calcium nitrate restored foliar nitrogen concentrations in over-irrigated plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- daily supplementation of small volumes of 10 mM Ca(NO3 )2e0
- Outcome
- foliar nitrogen concentrationse0
- Direction
- restorede0
- Comparator
- control levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“daily supplementation of small volumes of 10 mM Ca(NO3 )2 to over-irrigated soil restored foliar nitrogen concentrations, ethylene emission and shoot fresh weight of over-irrigated plants to control levels.”
e1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill. cv. Ailsa Craig)”
Claim · model-written summary
Daily 10 mM calcium nitrate restored ethylene emission in over-irrigated plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- daily supplementation of small volumes of 10 mM Ca(NO3 )2e0
- Outcome
- ethylene emissione0
- Direction
- restorede0
- Comparator
- control levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“daily supplementation of small volumes of 10 mM Ca(NO3 )2 to over-irrigated soil restored foliar nitrogen concentrations, ethylene emission and shoot fresh weight of over-irrigated plants to control levels.”
e1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill. cv. Ailsa Craig)”
Claim · model-written summary
Daily 10 mM calcium nitrate restored shoot fresh weight in over-irrigated plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- daily supplementation of small volumes of 10 mM Ca(NO3 )2e0
- Outcome
- shoot fresh weighte0
- Direction
- restorede0
- Comparator
- control levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“daily supplementation of small volumes of 10 mM Ca(NO3 )2 to over-irrigated soil restored foliar nitrogen concentrations, ethylene emission and shoot fresh weight of over-irrigated plants to control levels.”
e1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill. cv. Ailsa Craig)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute over-irrigation growth inhibition partly to reduced nitrogen uptake and increased ethylene.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Outcome
- inhibiting growthe0
- Qualifier
- reduced nitrogen uptakee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thus reduced nitrogen uptake plays an important role in inhibiting growth of over-irrigated plants, in part by stimulating foliar ethylene emission.”
e1“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill. cv. Ailsa Craig)”
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