Abstract
The investigation was carried out during 2008-2010 in the trial field of Dobrudzha Agricultural Institute on slightly leached chernozem. To determine the effect of different types of soil tillage on the vertical distribution of the maize seeds in the soil layer and the subsequent development of plants, the following variants of a stationary field experiment were analyzed: plowing at 24-26 cm, disking in autumn and double cultivation in spring (check variant); cutting at 24-26 cm, pre-sowing treatment with total herbicide (adapted direct sowing); double disking at 10-12 cm accompanied by autumn disking and double spring cultivation. Hybrid Anasta was sown at plant density 55 000 plants/ha. The most even vertical distribution of the maize seeds in the soil layer was ensured at adapted direct sowing performed with high quality. Under constant cutting and annual disking, the percent of maize seeds below and above the optimal depth increased in comparison to adapted direct sowing. The variation in the depth of planted seeds was the highest when sowing the seeds in the plowed soil. At planting under conditions of lower temperatures, cutting, adapted direct sowing and disking retarded the rates of germination in comparison to plowing and elongated the developmental stage of maize with 3-5 days. The number of germinating plants under these main types of soil tillage decreased by 6 to 15 %. Under favorable thermal regime after planting, the rate of germination of maize seeds in the variants with reduction and exclusion of the main soil tillage was more intensive only at the beginning. The duration of the germinating stage and the percent of germinating plants were the same under all types of tillage. At the early stages of maize development, plant growth in height was the most intensive after shallow main tillage performed as disking. With the advance of vegetative development, the stems of maize were higher and with greater diameter after adapted direct sowing, plowing and cutting in comparison to annual disking.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Adapted direct sowing produced the most even vertical distribution of maize seeds.
- Treatment
- adapted direct sowinge0
- Outcome
- vertical distribution of the maize seedse0
- Direction
- most evene0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most even vertical distribution of the maize seeds in the soil layer was ensured at adapted direct sowing performed with high quality.”
Claim · model-written summary
Constant cutting increased seeds outside the optimal depth compared with adapted direct sowing.
- Treatment
- constant cuttinge0
- Outcome
- percent of maize seeds below and above the optimal depthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- adapted direct sowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under constant cutting and annual disking, the percent of maize seeds below and above the optimal depth increased in comparison to adapted direct sowing.”
t0“maize seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Annual disking increased seeds outside the optimal depth compared with adapted direct sowing.
- Treatment
- annual diskinge0
- Outcome
- percent of maize seeds below and above the optimal depthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- adapted direct sowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under constant cutting and annual disking, the percent of maize seeds below and above the optimal depth increased in comparison to adapted direct sowing.”
Claim · model-written summary
Plowed soil gave the highest variation in maize sowing depth.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The variation in the depth of planted seeds was the highest when sowing the seeds in the plowed soil.”
t0“maize seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
At lower temperatures, cutting, adapted direct sowing and disking retarded germination by 3-5 days compared with plowing.
- Treatment
- cutting, adapted direct sowing and diskinge0
- Outcome
- rates of germinatione0
- Direction
- retardede0
- Value
- 3-5 dayse0
- Qualifier
- under conditions of lower temperaturese0
- Comparator
- plowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At planting under conditions of lower temperatures, cutting, adapted direct sowing and disking retarded the rates of germination in comparison to plowing and elongated the developmental stage of maize with 3-5 days.”
Claim · model-written summary
These reduced-tillage systems decreased the number of germinating maize plants by 6 to 15%.
- Treatment
- these main types of soil tillagee0
- Outcome
- number of germinating plantse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 6 to 15 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of germinating plants under these main types of soil tillage decreased by 6 to 15 %.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Under favorable thermal conditions, reduced or absent main tillage intensified initial maize germination.
- Treatment
- reduction and exclusion of the main soil tillagee0
- Outcome
- rate of germination of maize seedse0
- Direction
- more intensivee0
- Qualifier
- Under favorable thermal regime after plantinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under favorable thermal regime after planting, the rate of germination of maize seeds in the variants with reduction and exclusion of the main soil tillage was more intensive only at the beginning.”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination duration and percent germinating were the same across tillage types.
- Outcome
- duration of the germinating stage and the percent of germinating plantse0
- Direction
- the samee0
- Setting
- all types of tillagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The duration of the germinating stage and the percent of germinating plants were the same under all types of tillage.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Early maize height growth was most intensive after shallow disking.
- Treatment
- shallow main tillage performed as diskinge0
- Outcome
- plant growth in heighte0
- Direction
- most intensivee0
- Qualifier
- At the early stages of maize developmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the early stages of maize development, plant growth in height was the most intensive after shallow main tillage performed as disking.”
Claim · model-written summary
Later maize stems were taller after adapted direct sowing, plowing and cutting than annual disking.
- Treatment
- adapted direct sowing, plowing and cuttinge0
- Outcome
- stems of maize were highere0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- annual diskinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the advance of vegetative development, the stems of maize were higher and with greater diameter after adapted direct sowing, plowing and cutting in comparison to annual disking.”
Claim · model-written summary
Later maize stems had greater diameter after adapted direct sowing, plowing and cutting than annual disking.
- Treatment
- adapted direct sowing, plowing and cuttinge0
- Outcome
- stems of maize were higher and with greater diametere0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- annual diskinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the advance of vegetative development, the stems of maize were higher and with greater diameter after adapted direct sowing, plowing and cutting in comparison to annual disking.”
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