Abstract
To meet future requirements for food production, sustainable intensive agricultural systems need to optimize nutrient availability to maximize yield, traditionally achieved by maintaining soil pH within an optimal range (6-6.5) by applying lime (calcium carbonate). However, a field trial that applied recommended liming rates to a sandy loam soil (increasing soil pH from 5.5 to 6.2) decreased pod yield of field bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Fuego) by ~30%. Subsequent pot trials, with liming that raised soil pH to 6.3-6.7, reduced stomatal conductance (g(s)) by 63, 26, and 59% in V. faba, bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and pea (Pisum sativum), respectively. Furthermore, liming reduced shoot dry biomass by 16-24% in these species. Ionomic analysis of root xylem sap and leaf tissue revealed a decrease in phosphorus concentration that was correlated with decreased g(s): both reductions were partially reversed by adding superphosphate fertilizer. Further analysis of pea suggests that leaf gas exchange was reduced by a systemic increase (roots, xylem sap, and leaves) in the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) in response to lime-induced suboptimal plant phosphorus concentrations. Supplying synthetic ABA via the transpiration stream to detached pea leaves, at the same xylem sap concentrations induced by liming, decreased transpiration. Furthermore, the g(s) of the ABA-deficient mutant pea wilty was unresponsive to liming, apparently confirming that ABA mediates some responses to low phosphorus availability caused by liming. This research provides a detailed mechanistic understanding of the physiological processes by which lime application can limit crop yields, and questions the suitability of current liming recommendations.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Recommended liming reduced field bean pod yield by about 30%.
- Taxon
- field bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Fuego)
Vicia fabae0 - Treatment
- recommended liming ratese0
- Outcome
- pod yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- ~30%e0
- Setting
- sandy loam soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“recommended liming rates to a sandy loam soil (increasing soil pH from 5.5 to 6.2) decreased pod yield of field bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Fuego) by ~30%”
Claim · model-written summary
Liming reduced V. faba stomatal conductance by 63%.
- Taxon
- V. fabaVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- liminge0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance (g(s))e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 63e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“liming that raised soil pH to 6.3-6.7, reduced stomatal conductance (g(s)) by 63, 26, and 59% in V. faba, bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and pea (Pisum sativum), respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Liming reduced bean stomatal conductance by 26%.
- Taxon
- bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Phaseolus vulgarise0 - Treatment
- liminge0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance (g(s))e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 26e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“liming that raised soil pH to 6.3-6.7, reduced stomatal conductance (g(s)) by 63, 26, and 59% in V. faba, bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and pea (Pisum sativum), respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Liming reduced pea stomatal conductance by 59%.
- Taxon
- pea (Pisum sativum)
Lathyrus oleraceuse0 - Treatment
- liminge0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance (g(s))e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 59%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“liming that raised soil pH to 6.3-6.7, reduced stomatal conductance (g(s)) by 63, 26, and 59% in V. faba, bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and pea (Pisum sativum), respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Liming reduced shoot dry biomass by 16–24% across the three legume species.
- Taxon
- field bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Fuego)Vicia fabae1
- Treatment
- liminge0
- Outcome
- shoot dry biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 16-24%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“liming reduced shoot dry biomass by 16-24% in these species”
e1“field bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Fuego)”
Claim · model-written summary
Liming decreased phosphorus concentration in root xylem sap and leaves.
- Taxon
- field bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Fuego)Vicia fabae1
- Organ / stage
- root xylem sap and leaf tissuee0
- Outcome
- phosphorus concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ionomic analysis of root xylem sap and leaf tissue revealed a decrease in phosphorus concentration”
e1“field bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Fuego)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower phosphorus concentration correlated with lower stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- field bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Fuego)Vicia fabae1
- Compound
- phosphoruse0
- Outcome
- decreased g(s)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decrease in phosphorus concentration that was correlated with decreased g(s)”
e1“field bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Fuego)”
Claim · model-written summary
Superphosphate partly reversed the phosphorus decline.
- Taxon
- field bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Fuego)Vicia fabae1
- Treatment
- adding superphosphate fertilizere0
- Outcome
- reductionse0
- Direction
- partially reversede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both reductions were partially reversed by adding superphosphate fertilizer”
e1“field bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Fuego)”
Claim · model-written summary
Superphosphate partly reversed the stomatal-conductance decline.
- Taxon
- field bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Fuego)Vicia fabae1
- Treatment
- adding superphosphate fertilizere0
- Outcome
- reductionse0
- Direction
- partially reversede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both reductions were partially reversed by adding superphosphate fertilizer”
e1“field bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Fuego)”
Claim · model-written summary
In pea, lime-induced low phosphorus appeared to raise systemic ABA and reduce leaf gas exchange.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Compound
- abscisic acid (ABA)e0
- Outcome
- leaf gas exchangee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- lime-induced suboptimal plant phosphorus concentrationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf gas exchange was reduced by a systemic increase (roots, xylem sap, and leaves) in the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) in response to lime-induced suboptimal plant phosphorus concentrations”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Synthetic ABA supplied through the transpiration stream reduced detached pea-leaf transpiration.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Organ / stage
- detached pea leavese0
- Treatment
- Supplying synthetic ABA via the transpiration streame0
- Outcome
- transpiratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Supplying synthetic ABA via the transpiration stream to detached pea leaves, at the same xylem sap concentrations induced by liming, decreased transpiration”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA-deficient wilty pea stomatal conductance did not respond to liming.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“g(s) of the ABA-deficient mutant pea wilty was unresponsive to liming”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors question current liming recommendations.
- Taxon
- field bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Fuego)Vicia fabae1
- Outcome
- current liming recommendationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“questions the suitability of current liming recommendations”
e1“field bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Fuego)”
The same questions in other papers
(+)-abscisic acid · physiology: gas exchange · Lathyrus oleraceus (pea)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
lime · physiology: gas exchange · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
lime · growth · Vicia faba (faba bean)Positive and negative results
6 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →lime · yield · Vicia faba (faba bean)Positive and negative results
13 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
10 papers more in this group
See all 14 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.