Abstract
This study was conducted over three crop seasons using 'Delicious' (Scarletspur strain) apple trees on MM.111 rootstock. The bioregulators aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and ethephon (ETH) were applied alone or in combinations at various time intervals before harvest. Fruit response to bioregulators was evaluated at harvest and after storage. AVG applied 4 weeks before first harvest retarded starch loss at harvest, retained greater firmness, and reduced internal ethylene concentration and watercore of fruit at harvest and after both regular and controlled atmosphere storage. AVG did not influence peel color (hue values), but the flesh color of treated apples was more green. AVG in all instances tended to reduce the sensory scores for apples and apple juice. In contrast, ETH enhanced starch hydrolysis, flesh color development (green to more yellow), and soluble solids concentration while reducing titratable acidity levels. ETH had no influence on fruit firmness at harvest, but reduced firmness levels after storage in an inverse relationship to the concentration applied. Sensory values for whole apples were not influenced by ETH treatment, but ETH improved sensory preference for apple juice, particularly at early harvest. Applying AVG before ETH enhanced soluble solids and sensory scores for both fruit and juice. Treating with AVG followed by ETH at 150 mg·L –1 permitted the maintenance of satisfactory firmness values (>53.4 N) after long-term storage along with better quality and sensory perceptions. Using specific combinations of both AVG and ETH permitted ETH-mediated improvements in objective and perceived fruit quality to be obtained without the losses in flesh firmness and storability due to uncontrolled ethylene evolution and ripening typically observed when ETH is applied alone preharvest.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
AVG slowed starch loss at harvest.
- Taxon
- Apples
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- AVG applied 4 weeks before first harveste0
- Outcome
- starch losse0
- Direction
- retardede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AVG applied 4 weeks before first harvest retarded starch loss at harvest”
t0“'Delicious' Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
AVG retained greater fruit firmness.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- AVGe0
- Outcome
- firmnesse0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AVG applied 4 weeks before first harvest retarded starch loss at harvest, retained greater firmness”
t0“'Delicious' Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
AVG reduced fruit internal ethylene concentration.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- AVGe0
- Outcome
- internal ethylene concentratione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AVG applied 4 weeks before first harvest retarded starch loss at harvest, retained greater firmness, and reduced internal ethylene concentration”
t0“'Delicious' Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
AVG reduced watercore.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- AVGe0
- Outcome
- watercoree0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AVG applied 4 weeks before first harvest retarded starch loss at harvest, retained greater firmness, and reduced internal ethylene concentration and watercore of fruit at harvest and after both regular and controlled atmosphere storage”
t0“'Delicious' Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
AVG did not influence peel color.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- AVGe0
- Outcome
- peel colore0
- Direction
- did not influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AVG did not influence peel color (hue values)”
t0“'Delicious' Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
AVG made flesh color greener.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- AVGe0
- Outcome
- flesh colore0
- Direction
- more greene0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AVG did not influence peel color (hue values), but the flesh color of treated apples was more green”
Claim · model-written summary
AVG tended to reduce sensory scores for apples and apple juice.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- AVGe0
- Outcome
- sensory scores for apples and apple juicee0
- Direction
- reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AVG in all instances tended to reduce the sensory scores for apples and apple juice”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon increased starch hydrolysis, yellow flesh color, and soluble solids.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- ETHe0
- Outcome
- starch hydrolysis, flesh color development (green to more yellow), and soluble solids concentratione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ETH enhanced starch hydrolysis, flesh color development (green to more yellow), and soluble solids concentration”
t0“'Delicious' Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon reduced titratable acidity.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- ETHe0
- Outcome
- fruit firmnesse0
- Direction
- no influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ETH had no influence on fruit firmness at harvest, but reduced firmness levels after storage in an inverse relationship to the concentration applied”
t0“'Delicious' Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon reduced firmness after storage as concentration rose.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- ETHe0
- Outcome
- firmness levels after storagee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- inverse relationship to the concentration appliede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ETH had no influence on fruit firmness at harvest, but reduced firmness levels after storage in an inverse relationship to the concentration applied”
t0“'Delicious' Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon did not affect whole-apple sensory values.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- ETH treatmente0
- Outcome
- Sensory values for whole applese0
- Direction
- not influencede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sensory values for whole apples were not influenced by ETH treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon improved apple juice sensory preference, especially at early harvest.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- ETHe0
- Outcome
- sensory preference for apple juicee0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- particularly at early harveste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ETH improved sensory preference for apple juice, particularly at early harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
AVG before ethephon enhanced soluble solids and sensory scores for fruit and juice.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Applying AVG before ETHe0
- Outcome
- soluble solids and sensory scores for both fruit and juicee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Applying AVG before ETH enhanced soluble solids and sensory scores for both fruit and juice”
t0“'Delicious' Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
AVG followed by ethephon maintained firmness above 53.4 N after long storage.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- AVG followed by ETH at 150 mg·L –1e0
- Outcome
- firmnesse0
- Value
- >53.4 Ne0
- Qualifier
- after long-term storagee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treating with AVG followed by ETH at 150 mg·L –1 permitted the maintenance of satisfactory firmness values (>53.4 N) after long-term storage”
t0“'Delicious' Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
AVG followed by ethephon improved quality and sensory perceptions.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- AVG followed by ETHe0
- Outcome
- quality and sensory perceptionse0
- Direction
- bettere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treating with AVG followed by ETH at 150 mg·L –1 permitted the maintenance of satisfactory firmness values (>53.4 N) after long-term storage along with better quality and sensory perceptions”
t0“'Delicious' Apples”
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