Abstract
Environmental context Trace metal toxicities to soils and plants depend on residence time in soils, a poorly understood phenomenon termed ‘aging’. Our research aimed to better understand long-term aging by measuring the solubility and toxicity of copper and zinc over a 10-year period after their addition to soils as soluble salts. We determined that, while metal solubility and toxicity did decrease in a decade, the highest levels of added metals (200 and 400 mg kg–1) still had toxic effects on soybeans. Abstract To assess long-term effects of field aging on Cu and Zn availability and phytotoxicity in soils, soils were spiked in the field using metal sulfate salts, and tested over 10 years for changes in total metals, salt-extractable (0.01 M CaCl2) metals, Cu ion activity and phytoavailable metals using a soybean assay. Metal losses from the soils were generally small, with the coarse-textured (Arkport) soil having greater losses than the fine-textured (Hudson) soil. However, large reductions in salt-extractable metals occurred over the 10-year period, with most of this decline observed in the first several years following spiking. Copper ion activities decreased after 10 years of aging in all of the Cu-spiked soils, but remained high enough to be phytotoxic at metal loadings of 200 and 400 mg kg–1. The soybean assay showed that Zn phytoavailability was significantly elevated in both soils at the loadings of 200 and 400 mg kg–1 Zn. Higher plant tissue Cu was evident at additions of 200 and 400 mg kg–1 Cu in the Arkport soil, but only at the 400 mg kg–1 additions in the Hudson soil. Plant growth was significantly reduced at the 400 mg kg–1 additions for both metals in both soils; growth inhibition at the 200 mg kg–1 addition was also observed for both metals in both soils, but was not statistically significant for Zn. In summary, soils spiked with 200 mg kg–1 (or more) of Cu or Zn salts express significant phytotoxicity after 10 years of field aging despite a shift of the metals into less labile forms.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Copper ion activity decreased after 10 years of aging in Cu-spiked soils.
- Taxon
- soybeans
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- 10 years of aginge1
- Outcome
- Copper ion activitiese1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest levels of added metals (200 and 400 mg kg–1) still had toxic effects on soybeans”
e1“Copper ion activities decreased after 10 years of aging in all of the Cu-spiked soils, but remained high enough to be phytotoxic at metal loadings of 200 and 400 mg kg–1”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper ion activity remained high enough to be phytotoxic to soybeans at 200 and 400 mg kg–1 metal loadings.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- metal loadings of 200 and 400 mg kg–1e1
- Outcome
- Copper ion activitiese1
- Direction
- remained highe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest levels of added metals (200 and 400 mg kg–1) still had toxic effects on soybeans”
e1“Copper ion activities decreased after 10 years of aging in all of the Cu-spiked soils, but remained high enough to be phytotoxic at metal loadings of 200 and 400 mg kg–1”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn phytoavailability to soybean was significantly elevated at 200 and 400 mg kg–1 Zn loadings in both soils.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe2
- Treatment
- loadings of 200 and 400 mg kg–1 Zne2
- Outcome
- Zn phytoavailabilitye2
- Direction
- elevatede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The soybean assay showed that Zn phytoavailability was significantly elevated in both soils at the loadings of 200 and 400 mg kg–1 Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant tissue Cu was higher at 200 and 400 mg kg–1 Cu additions in the Arkport soil.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- additions of 200 and 400 mg kg–1 Cue3
- Outcome
- plant tissue Cue3
- Direction
- Highere3
- Setting
- Arkport soile3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest levels of added metals (200 and 400 mg kg–1) still had toxic effects on soybeans”
e3“Higher plant tissue Cu was evident at additions of 200 and 400 mg kg–1 Cu in the Arkport soil, but only at the 400 mg kg–1 additions in the Hudson soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant tissue Cu was higher only at the 400 mg kg–1 Cu additions in the Hudson soil.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- the 400 mg kg–1 additionse3
- Outcome
- plant tissue Cue3
- Direction
- Highere3
- Setting
- Hudson soile3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest levels of added metals (200 and 400 mg kg–1) still had toxic effects on soybeans”
e3“Higher plant tissue Cu was evident at additions of 200 and 400 mg kg–1 Cu in the Arkport soil, but only at the 400 mg kg–1 additions in the Hudson soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant growth was significantly reduced at 400 mg kg–1 additions of both metals in both soils.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- the 400 mg kg–1 additionse4
- Outcome
- Plant growthe4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Setting
- both soilse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest levels of added metals (200 and 400 mg kg–1) still had toxic effects on soybeans”
e4“Plant growth was significantly reduced at the 400 mg kg–1 additions for both metals in both soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth inhibition was observed at the 200 mg kg–1 addition of both metals in both soils.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- the 200 mg kg–1 additione5
- Outcome
- growthe5
- Direction
- inhibitione5
- Setting
- both soilse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest levels of added metals (200 and 400 mg kg–1) still had toxic effects on soybeans”
e5“growth inhibition at the 200 mg kg–1 addition was also observed for both metals in both soils, but was not statistically significant for Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth inhibition at the 200 mg kg–1 addition of Zn was not statistically significant.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- the 200 mg kg–1 additione5
- Outcome
- growthe5
- Direction
- inhibitione5
- Qualifier
- not statistically significant for Zne5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest levels of added metals (200 and 400 mg kg–1) still had toxic effects on soybeans”
e5“growth inhibition at the 200 mg kg–1 addition was also observed for both metals in both soils, but was not statistically significant for Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
Soils spiked with 200 mg kg–1 or more of Cu or Zn salts showed significant phytotoxicity after 10 years of field aging.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- soils spiked with 200 mg kg–1 (or more) of Cu or Zn saltse6
- Outcome
- phytotoxicitye6
- Setting
- after 10 years of field aginge6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest levels of added metals (200 and 400 mg kg–1) still had toxic effects on soybeans”
e6“soils spiked with 200 mg kg–1 (or more) of Cu or Zn salts express significant phytotoxicity after 10 years of field aging”
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See all 57 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.