Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of enhancing the antioxidant properties of germinated rice seeds cv. Kum Doi Saket, a pigmented rice variety cultivated in northern Thailand, using salinity. Rice seeds were soaked in 0, 25, 75, 150, and 300 mM NaCl for 12 hours, sown on 0.7% agar supplemented with the same NaCl concentrations for soaking at 28 ± 2°C in the dark for 5 days. Germination percentage, growth of seedlings, antioxidant capacities, total phenolic content, and activities of Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX) and Catalase (CAT) were examined. The results showed that germination was not affected by 25 and 75 mM NaCl, but was significantly reduced by 17% and 100% under 150 and 300 mM NaCl, respectively. Fresh weight was not affected by 25 mm NaCl, whereas all NaCl concentrations significantly reduced the shoot length of germinated seeds. Root length was significantly reduced by 150 and 300 mM NaCl. Antioxidant capacities, quantified by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, and total phenolic content significantly increased in germinated seeds treated with 150 mM NaCl. A high positive correlation between antioxidant capacities and total phenolic content was found. APX activities increased with germination time, reached the highest peak on day 2 for the control, and on day 4 for salt treatments with 150 mM NaCl showing the highest activity. CAT activities of the control reached the maximum on day 2, whereas it showed different highest peaks for salt treatments; salinity reduced the activity of CAT during germination. These results suggest that antioxidant properties of Kum Doi Saket germinated rice seeds are enhanced by salinity stress of 150 mM NaCl. This is an alternative way to elevate antioxidant properties for consumption and for further pharmaceutical application of germinated Thai rice.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Germination was unaffected at 25 and 75 mM NaCl.
- Taxon
- Thai rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Oryza sativat0 - Material
- cv. Kum Doi Sakett0
- Treatment
- 25 and 75 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that germination was not affected by 25 and 75 mM NaCl”
t0“Thai rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Kum Doi Saket”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination was significantly reduced by 17% at 150 mM NaCl.
- Taxon
- Thai rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 150e0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 17%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“germination was not affected by 25 and 75 mM NaCl, but was significantly reduced by 17% and 100% under 150 and 300 mM NaCl, respectively.”
t0“Thai rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Kum Doi Saket”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination was significantly reduced by 100% at 300 mM NaCl.
- Taxon
- Thai rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 300 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“germination was not affected by 25 and 75 mM NaCl, but was significantly reduced by 17% and 100% under 150 and 300 mM NaCl, respectively.”
t0“Thai rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Kum Doi Saket”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh weight was unaffected by 25 mm NaCl.
- Taxon
- Thai rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 25 mm NaCle0
- Outcome
- Fresh weighte0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fresh weight was not affected by 25 mm NaCl”
t0“Thai rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Kum Doi Saket”
Claim · model-written summary
All NaCl concentrations significantly reduced shoot length.
- Taxon
- Thai rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- NaCl concentrationse0
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all NaCl concentrations significantly reduced the shoot length of germinated seeds.”
t0“Thai rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Kum Doi Saket”
Claim · model-written summary
Root length was significantly reduced at 150 and 300 mM NaCl.
- Taxon
- Thai rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 150 and 300 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- Root lengthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Root length was significantly reduced by 150 and 300 mM NaCl.”
t0“Thai rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Kum Doi Saket”
Claim · model-written summary
At 150 mM NaCl, antioxidant capacities and total phenolic content significantly increased.
- Taxon
- Thai rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 150 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- Antioxidant capacities, quantified by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, and total phenolic contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Antioxidant capacities, quantified by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, and total phenolic content significantly increased in germinated seeds treated with 150 mM NaCl.”
t0“Thai rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Kum Doi Saket”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant capacities were highly positively correlated with total phenolic content.
- Taxon
- Thai rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativat0
- Outcome
- antioxidant capacitiese0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Comparator
- total phenolic contente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A high positive correlation between antioxidant capacities and total phenolic content was found.”
t0“Thai rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Kum Doi Saket”
Claim · model-written summary
APX activity increased with germination time and peaked on day 2 in controls.
- Taxon
- Thai rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativat0
- Gene
- APXe0
- Outcome
- APX activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- day 2 for the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“APX activities increased with germination time, reached the highest peak on day 2 for the control”
t0“Thai rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Kum Doi Saket”
Claim · model-written summary
APX activity peaked on day 4 in salt treatments, with highest activity at 150 mM NaCl.
- Taxon
- Thai rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 150 mM NaCle0
- Gene
- APXe1
- Outcome
- activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- day 4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“on day 4 for salt treatments with 150 mM NaCl showing the highest activity.”
e1“APX activities increased with germination time”
t0“Thai rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Kum Doi Saket”
Claim · model-written summary
Control CAT activity peaked on day 2.
- Taxon
- Thai rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativat0
- Gene
- CATe0
- Outcome
- CAT activitiese0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Qualifier
- day 2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CAT activities of the control reached the maximum on day 2”
t0“Thai rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Kum Doi Saket”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced CAT activity during germination.
- Taxon
- Thai rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Gene
- CATe0
- Outcome
- activity of CATe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity reduced the activity of CAT during germination.”
t0“Thai rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Kum Doi Saket”
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