Abstract
Salinity effects were evaluated on seed germination and seedling growth of six bread wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L) including Hirmand, Chamran, Hamoon, Bolani, Sorkhtokhm and Kavir. The seeds were grown in pots and subjected to six levels of electrical conductivity (Ec) 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5 ds/m. The measured factors consisted of water uptake, germination percentage, shoot and root dry weight, shoot and root lengths and Na + and K + uptake amounts by seeds. The experimental design was randomized complete block design used as factorial arrangement of treatments (cultivars and NaCl levels) with three replicates. Water uptake by seeds showed to have a direct relationship with increases in NaCl levels. The highest water uptake level was recorded in Hamoon and Kavir cultivars. By increasing NaCl concentration, seed germination delayed and decreased in all cultivars. The lowest germination percentage took place in Chamran and Bolani cultivars and the highest germination in Kavir and Hamoon cultivars. The largest shoot length was observed in the controls of Sorkhtokhm and Bolani cultivars. The largest root length obtained in Hamoon, Hirmand, Chamran cultivars and the lowest in Kavir cultivar. Increasing NaCl concentrations adversely affected shoot dry weight in each cultivar; shoot dry weight fluctuated by varying NaCl concentrations. The lowest value found in Chamran cultivar. Differences in root dry weight were not significant in different cultivars; the highest root dry weight was found in Chamran and Hamoon cultivars. The root to shoot dry weight ratio changed in different NaCl levels. High NaCl levels caused a remarkable increase in the root to shoot dry weight ratio. The highest ratio was obtained in Hamoon cultivar and the lowest ratio in Sorkhtokhm and Kavir cultivars. Seedling dry matter decreased by increasing salinity. Salinity increased the accumulation of Na + and decreased the K + content in roots and shoots. The Na + content of germinated seeds gradually increased, while the K + level diminished. Hamoon, Sorkhtokhm and Bolani cultivars appeared to be more tolerant to salt stress than the others. It was concluded that the delay in germination was mainly due to higher Na + accumulation in the seeds rather than osmotic stress in wheat cultivars.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Seed water uptake increased with NaCl levels.
- Taxon
- BREAD WHEAT
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- NaCl levelse0
- Outcome
- Water uptake by seedse0
- Direction
- direct relationshipe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water uptake by seeds showed to have a direct relationship with increases in NaCl levels”
t0“BREAD WHEAT CULTIVARS”
Claim · model-written summary
Hamoon and Kavir had highest seed water uptake.
- Taxon
- BREAD WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Hamoon and Kavir cultivarse0
- Outcome
- water uptake levele0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest water uptake level was recorded in Hamoon and Kavir cultivars”
t0“BREAD WHEAT CULTIVARS”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing NaCl delayed germination in all cultivars.
- Taxon
- BREAD WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increasing NaCl concentratione0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“By increasing NaCl concentration, seed germination delayed and decreased in all cultivars”
t0“BREAD WHEAT CULTIVARS”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing NaCl decreased germination in all cultivars.
- Taxon
- BREAD WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increasing NaCl concentratione0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“By increasing NaCl concentration, seed germination delayed and decreased in all cultivars”
t0“BREAD WHEAT CULTIVARS”
Claim · model-written summary
Chamran and Bolani had lowest germination percentage.
- Taxon
- BREAD WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Chamran and Bolani cultivarse0
- Outcome
- germination percentagee0
- Direction
- loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lowest germination percentage took place in Chamran and Bolani cultivars and the highest germination in Kavir and Hamoon cultivars”
t0“BREAD WHEAT CULTIVARS”
Claim · model-written summary
Kavir and Hamoon had highest germination.
- Taxon
- BREAD WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Kavir and Hamoon cultivarse0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lowest germination percentage took place in Chamran and Bolani cultivars and the highest germination in Kavir and Hamoon cultivars”
t0“BREAD WHEAT CULTIVARS”
Claim · model-written summary
Control Sorkhtokhm and Bolani had largest shoots.
- Taxon
- BREAD WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Sorkhtokhm and Bolani cultivarse0
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- largeste0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The largest shoot length was observed in the controls of Sorkhtokhm and Bolani cultivars”
t0“BREAD WHEAT CULTIVARS”
Claim · model-written summary
Hamoon, Hirmand and Chamran had largest roots.
- Taxon
- BREAD WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Hamoon, Hirmand, Chamran cultivarse0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- largeste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The largest root length obtained in Hamoon, Hirmand, Chamran cultivars and the lowest in Kavir cultivar”
t0“BREAD WHEAT CULTIVARS”
Claim · model-written summary
Kavir had lowest root length.
- Taxon
- BREAD WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Kavir cultivare0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The largest root length obtained in Hamoon, Hirmand, Chamran cultivars and the lowest in Kavir cultivar”
t0“BREAD WHEAT CULTIVARS”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing NaCl adversely affected shoot dry weight.
- Taxon
- BREAD WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Increasing NaCl concentrationse0
- Outcome
- shoot dry weighte0
- Direction
- adversely affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing NaCl concentrations adversely affected shoot dry weight in each cultivar”
t0“BREAD WHEAT CULTIVARS”
Claim · model-written summary
Chamran had the lowest shoot dry weight.
- Taxon
- BREAD WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Chamran cultivare0
- Outcome
- lowest valuee0
- Direction
- loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lowest value found in Chamran cultivar”
t0“BREAD WHEAT CULTIVARS”
Claim · model-written summary
Root dry weight differences among cultivars were not significant.
- Taxon
- BREAD WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- root dry weighte0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Differences in root dry weight were not significant in different cultivars”
t0“BREAD WHEAT CULTIVARS”
Claim · model-written summary
Chamran and Hamoon had highest root dry weight.
- Taxon
- BREAD WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Chamran and Hamoon cultivarse0
- Outcome
- root dry weighte0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest root dry weight was found in Chamran and Hamoon cultivars”
t0“BREAD WHEAT CULTIVARS”
Claim · model-written summary
High NaCl increased root to shoot dry weight ratio.
- Taxon
- BREAD WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- High NaCl levelse0
- Outcome
- root to shoot dry weight ratioe0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High NaCl levels caused a remarkable increase in the root to shoot dry weight ratio”
t0“BREAD WHEAT CULTIVARS”
Claim · model-written summary
Hamoon had the highest root to shoot ratio.
- Taxon
- BREAD WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Hamoon cultivare0
- Outcome
- ratioe0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest ratio was obtained in Hamoon cultivar and the lowest ratio in Sorkhtokhm and Kavir cultivars”
t0“BREAD WHEAT CULTIVARS”
Claim · model-written summary
Sorkhtokhm and Kavir had the lowest root to shoot ratio.
- Taxon
- BREAD WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Sorkhtokhm and Kavir cultivarse0
- Outcome
- ratioe0
- Direction
- loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest ratio was obtained in Hamoon cultivar and the lowest ratio in Sorkhtokhm and Kavir cultivars”
t0“BREAD WHEAT CULTIVARS”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedling dry matter declined with salinity.
- Taxon
- BREAD WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increasing salinitye0
- Outcome
- Seedling dry mattere0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedling dry matter decreased by increasing salinity”
t0“BREAD WHEAT CULTIVARS”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased Na + accumulation in roots, shoots and germinated seeds.
- Taxon
- BREAD WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- roots and shootse0
- Treatment
- Salinitye0
- Outcome
- accumulation of Na +e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity increased the accumulation of Na + and decreased the K + content in roots and shoots”
t0“BREAD WHEAT CULTIVARS”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity decreased K + content in roots and shoots.
- Taxon
- BREAD WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- roots and shootse0
- Treatment
- Salinitye0
- Outcome
- K + contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity increased the accumulation of Na + and decreased the K + content in roots and shoots”
t0“BREAD WHEAT CULTIVARS”
Claim · model-written summary
Hamoon, Sorkhtokhm and Bolani appeared more salt tolerant.
- Taxon
- BREAD WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Hamoon, Sorkhtokhm and Bolani cultivarse0
- Outcome
- tolerant to salt stresse0
- Direction
- more tolerante0
- Comparator
- the otherse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hamoon, Sorkhtokhm and Bolani cultivars appeared to be more tolerant to salt stress than the others”
t0“BREAD WHEAT CULTIVARS”
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