Abstract
A field experiment was conducted during 200911 at Junagadh, Gujarat to find out the effect of citric acid (CA) and its delivery methods on yield, nutrient uptake and use efficiencies of phosphorus in groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.). Results (mean of three years) revealed that application of citric acid at 2 kg along with farmyard ma- nure (FYM) at 2 t/ha recorded significantly higher pod yield (2.61 t/ha), harvest index (36%) and net returns ( 38,283/ha), which were 28.6, 22.0 and 44.5% higher respectively, over FYM at 2 t/ha without citric acid. Soil available P content (18 kg P/ha) significantly increased with citric acid at 6 kg along with single super phosphate (SSP) at 250 kg/ha over control. Citric acid at 4 and 6 kg along with SSP at 250 kg/ha significantly increased P content in pod and haulm, respectively. P uptake significantly increased with citric acid at 4 kg/ha. Application of citric acid at 2 kg along with FYM 2 t/ha (17.2 kg P), citric acid at 4 kg along with SSP 250 kg/ha (17.2 kg P) and citric acid at 4 kg along with FYM 1 t/ha (8.6 kg P) recorded higher agronomic efficiency (19.5%), recovery effi- ciency (10.8%) and P harvest index (69%) respectively, over control plots. Application of higher levels of citric acid decreased yield, P uptake and P-use efficiencies. Thus, application of 2 kg citric acid along with FYM at 2 t/ha found appropriate in enhancing groundnut yield and net returns under semi-arid agro-ecosystem.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Citric acid with FYM raised groundnut pod yield relative to FYM alone.
- Taxon
- groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)
Arachis hypogaeat0 - Treatment
- citric acid at 2 kg along with farmyard ma- nure (FYM) at 2 t/hae0
- Outcome
- pod yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2.61 t/hae0
- Qualifier
- 28.6e0
- Comparator
- FYM at 2 t/ha without citric acide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of citric acid at 2 kg along with farmyard ma- nure (FYM) at 2 t/ha recorded significantly higher pod yield (2.61 t/ha), harvest index (36%) and net returns ( 38,283/ha), which were 28.6, 22.0 and 44.5% higher respectively, over FYM at 2 t/ha without citric acid.”
t0“groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)”
Claim · model-written summary
Citric acid with FYM raised groundnut harvest index relative to FYM alone.
- Taxon
- groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)Arachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- citric acid at 2 kg along with farmyard ma- nure (FYM) at 2 t/hae0
- Outcome
- harvest indexe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 36%e0
- Qualifier
- 22.0e0
- Comparator
- FYM at 2 t/ha without citric acide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of citric acid at 2 kg along with farmyard ma- nure (FYM) at 2 t/ha recorded significantly higher pod yield (2.61 t/ha), harvest index (36%) and net returns ( 38,283/ha), which were 28.6, 22.0 and 44.5% higher respectively, over FYM at 2 t/ha without citric acid.”
t0“groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)”
Claim · model-written summary
Citric acid with FYM raised groundnut net returns relative to FYM alone.
- Taxon
- groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)Arachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- citric acid at 2 kg along with farmyard ma- nure (FYM) at 2 t/hae0
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 38,283/hae0
- Qualifier
- 44.5%e0
- Comparator
- FYM at 2 t/ha without citric acide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of citric acid at 2 kg along with farmyard ma- nure (FYM) at 2 t/ha recorded significantly higher pod yield (2.61 t/ha), harvest index (36%) and net returns ( 38,283/ha), which were 28.6, 22.0 and 44.5% higher respectively, over FYM at 2 t/ha without citric acid.”
t0“groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)”
Claim · model-written summary
Citric acid with SSP significantly raised soil available P.
- Taxon
- groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)Arachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- citric acid at 6 kg along with single super phosphate (SSP) at 250 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- Soil available P contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 18 kg P/hae0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil available P content (18 kg P/ha) significantly increased with citric acid at 6 kg along with single super phosphate (SSP) at 250 kg/ha over control.”
t0“groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)”
Claim · model-written summary
Citric acid at 4 kg with SSP increased pod P content.
- Taxon
- groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)Arachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Citric acid at 4 and 6 kg along with SSP at 250 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- P content in pod and haulme0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 4e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Citric acid at 4 and 6 kg along with SSP at 250 kg/ha significantly increased P content in pod and haulm, respectively.”
t0“groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)”
Claim · model-written summary
Citric acid at 6 kg with SSP increased haulm P content.
- Taxon
- groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)Arachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Citric acid at 4 and 6 kg along with SSP at 250 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- P content in pod and haulme0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 6e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Citric acid at 4 and 6 kg along with SSP at 250 kg/ha significantly increased P content in pod and haulm, respectively.”
t0“groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)”
Claim · model-written summary
Citric acid at 4 kg/ha increased P uptake.
- Taxon
- groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)Arachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- citric acid at 4 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- P uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P uptake significantly increased with citric acid at 4 kg/ha.”
t0“groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)”
Claim · model-written summary
citric acid at 2 kg along with FYM 2 t/ha raised agronomic efficiency.
- Taxon
- groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)Arachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- citric acid at 2 kg along with FYM 2 t/hae0
- Outcome
- agronomic efficiencye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 19.5%e0
- Comparator
- control plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of citric acid at 2 kg along with FYM 2 t/ha (17.2 kg P), citric acid at 4 kg along with SSP 250 kg/ha (17.2 kg P) and citric acid at 4 kg along with FYM 1 t/ha (8.6 kg P) recorded higher agronomic efficiency (19.5%), recovery effi- ciency (10.8%) and P harvest index (69%) respectively, over control plots.”
t0“groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)”
Claim · model-written summary
citric acid at 4 kg along with SSP 250 kg/ha raised recovery effi- ciency.
- Taxon
- groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)Arachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- citric acid at 4 kg along with SSP 250 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- recovery effi- ciencye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 10.8%e0
- Comparator
- control plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of citric acid at 2 kg along with FYM 2 t/ha (17.2 kg P), citric acid at 4 kg along with SSP 250 kg/ha (17.2 kg P) and citric acid at 4 kg along with FYM 1 t/ha (8.6 kg P) recorded higher agronomic efficiency (19.5%), recovery effi- ciency (10.8%) and P harvest index (69%) respectively, over control plots.”
t0“groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)”
Claim · model-written summary
citric acid at 4 kg along with FYM 1 t/ha raised P harvest index.
- Taxon
- groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)Arachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- citric acid at 4 kg along with FYM 1 t/hae0
- Outcome
- P harvest indexe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 69%e0
- Comparator
- control plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of citric acid at 2 kg along with FYM 2 t/ha (17.2 kg P), citric acid at 4 kg along with SSP 250 kg/ha (17.2 kg P) and citric acid at 4 kg along with FYM 1 t/ha (8.6 kg P) recorded higher agronomic efficiency (19.5%), recovery effi- ciency (10.8%) and P harvest index (69%) respectively, over control plots.”
t0“groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher citric acid levels decreased groundnut yield and P uptake and use efficiency.
- Taxon
- groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)Arachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- higher levels of citric acide0
- Outcome
- yield, P uptake and P-use efficienciese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of higher levels of citric acid decreased yield, P uptake and P-use efficiencies.”
t0“groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 2 kg citric acid with FYM at 2 t/ha for yield and returns.
- Taxon
- groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)Arachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- 2 kg citric acid along with FYM at 2 t/hae0
- Outcome
- enhancing groundnut yield and net returnse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thus, application of 2 kg citric acid along with FYM at 2 t/ha found appropriate in enhancing groundnut yield and net returns under semi-arid agro-ecosystem.”
t0“groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)”
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