Abstract
Conservation tillage requires higher amount of potassium application for augmenting crop productivity due to its stratitification (reduction in K supplying capacity in medium and long-term duration) in upper soil layer. To address this issue, a field experiment was carried out for five years (2002–03 to 2006–07) at Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute, Research Farm, Selakui, Dehradun, Uttarakhand on a land with a gentle slope (2%) to study the effects of higher K application on grain yield, soil K status, carbon sequestration, soil erosion control and benefit: cost ratio in maize (Zea mays L)/cowpea (Vigna sinensis L.) based cropping systems under minimum tillage (MT). All crops recorded higher grain yields in the plots under higher (120 kg K2Oha−1) K application than the ones under recommended K (40 kg K2Oha−1). The five years’ mean yield data showed that the plots under higher K application produced 16% more maize equivalent yield than the recommended doses. Plots under cowpea based rotation yielded 14% higher crop productivity than the plots with maize based rotation. The added effects of higher K application in kharif (rainy season) crops also showed a significant enhancement in yield of winter crops [wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), lentil (Lens esculentum Medicus.) and mustard (Brassica juncea L.) and the maximum enhancement was found in the plots under cowpea-mustard rotation. Relationship between yield and sustainable yield indices revealed that only agronomic efficiency of mineral fertilizer input was significantly correlated with grain yield. Similarly, higher doses of K application not only increased the water use efficiency (WUE) of all the crops but also reduced runoff and soil loss by 17 and 16% under maize and by 23 and 20% under cowpea cover, respectively. On an average, 17% of left over carbon input contributed to soil organic carbon (SOC). Further, plots under cowpea based rotation with higher doses of K application recorded increased SOC contents. Over five years, the K balance coefficient for the plots under recommended rate was 0.67, indicating that more K was removed than applied. At the higher rate, the average K balance coefficient recorded was 1.29. Net return was also increased with the application of higher doses of K than recommended K and the trend was similar to that of grain yield. Thus, the present study demonstrates several beneficial effects of higher annual K application than the recommended dose to all crop rotations (especially to cowpea-mustard rotation), hence, the same is advocated for adoption by the farmers in this part of the country.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Higher potassium application increased grain yields across crops.
- Treatment
- higher (120 kg K2Oha−1) K applicatione0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- recommended K (40 kg K2Oha−1)e0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All crops recorded higher grain yields in the plots under higher (120 kg K2Oha−1) K application than the ones under recommended K (40 kg K2Oha−1).”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher K application gave 16% more maize equivalent yield.
- Treatment
- higher K applicatione0
- Outcome
- maize equivalent yielde0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 16%e0
- Comparator
- recommended dosese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The five years’ mean yield data showed that the plots under higher K application produced 16% more maize equivalent yield than the recommended doses.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea rotation had 14% higher crop productivity than maize rotation.
- Taxon
- cowpea
Vigna unguiculatat0 - Treatment
- cowpea based rotatione0
- Outcome
- crop productivitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 14%e0
- Comparator
- maize based rotatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plots under cowpea based rotation yielded 14% higher crop productivity than the plots with maize based rotation.”
t0“cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher K in rainy season crops significantly enhanced wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- higher K applicatione0
- Outcome
- yield of winter cropse0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The added effects of higher K application in kharif (rainy season) crops also showed a significant enhancement in yield of winter crops [wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), lentil (Lens esculentum Medicus.) and mustard (Brassica juncea L.) and the maximum enhancement was found in the plots under cowpea-mustard rotation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher K in rainy season crops significantly enhanced lentil yield.
- Taxon
- lentil
Lens culinarise0 - Treatment
- higher K applicatione0
- Outcome
- yield of winter cropse0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The added effects of higher K application in kharif (rainy season) crops also showed a significant enhancement in yield of winter crops [wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), lentil (Lens esculentum Medicus.) and mustard (Brassica juncea L.) and the maximum enhancement was found in the plots under cowpea-mustard rotation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher K in rainy season crops significantly enhanced mustard yield.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The added effects of higher K application in kharif (rainy season) crops also showed a significant enhancement in yield of winter crops [wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), lentil (Lens esculentum Medicus.) and mustard (Brassica juncea L.) and the maximum enhancement was found in the plots under cowpea-mustard rotation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea-mustard rotation had the maximum winter-crop yield enhancement.
Verbatim
e0“The added effects of higher K application in kharif (rainy season) crops also showed a significant enhancement in yield of winter crops [wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), lentil (Lens esculentum Medicus.) and mustard (Brassica juncea L.) and the maximum enhancement was found in the plots under cowpea-mustard rotation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Agronomic fertilizer efficiency alone was significantly correlated with grain yield.
- Treatment
- mineral fertilizer inpute0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Qualifier
- agronomic efficiency of mineral fertilizer inpute0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Relationship between yield and sustainable yield indices revealed that only agronomic efficiency of mineral fertilizer input was significantly correlated with grain yield.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher K increased crop water-use efficiency.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similarly, higher doses of K application not only increased the water use efficiency (WUE) of all the crops but also reduced runoff and soil loss by 17 and 16% under maize and by 23 and 20% under cowpea cover, respectively.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher K reduced runoff under maize cover by 17.
- Treatment
- higher doses of K applicatione0
- Outcome
- runoffe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 17e0
- Qualifier
- under maizee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similarly, higher doses of K application not only increased the water use efficiency (WUE) of all the crops but also reduced runoff and soil loss by 17 and 16% under maize and by 23 and 20% under cowpea cover, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher K reduced soil loss under maize cover by 16%.
- Treatment
- higher doses of K applicatione0
- Outcome
- soil losse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 16%e0
- Qualifier
- under maizee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similarly, higher doses of K application not only increased the water use efficiency (WUE) of all the crops but also reduced runoff and soil loss by 17 and 16% under maize and by 23 and 20% under cowpea cover, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher K reduced runoff under cowpea cover by 23.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- higher doses of K applicatione0
- Outcome
- runoffe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 23e0
- Qualifier
- under cowpeae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similarly, higher doses of K application not only increased the water use efficiency (WUE) of all the crops but also reduced runoff and soil loss by 17 and 16% under maize and by 23 and 20% under cowpea cover, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher K reduced soil loss under cowpea cover by 20%.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- higher doses of K applicatione0
- Outcome
- soil losse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 20%e0
- Qualifier
- under cowpeae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similarly, higher doses of K application not only increased the water use efficiency (WUE) of all the crops but also reduced runoff and soil loss by 17 and 16% under maize and by 23 and 20% under cowpea cover, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
An average 17% of leftover carbon input contributed to soil organic carbon.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On an average, 17% of left over carbon input contributed to soil organic carbon (SOC).”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea rotation with higher K increased soil organic carbon.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- higher doses of K applicatione0
- Outcome
- SOC contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Further, plots under cowpea based rotation with higher doses of K application recorded increased SOC contents.”
Claim · model-written summary
K balance coefficient was 0.67 under recommended rate.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Over five years, the K balance coefficient for the plots under recommended rate was 0.67, indicating that more K was removed than applied. At the higher rate, the average K balance coefficient recorded was 1.29.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
K balance coefficient was 1.29 under higher rate.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Over five years, the K balance coefficient for the plots under recommended rate was 0.67, indicating that more K was removed than applied. At the higher rate, the average K balance coefficient recorded was 1.29.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher K increased net return relative to recommended K.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Net return was also increased with the application of higher doses of K than recommended K and the trend was similar to that of grain yield.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors advocate higher annual K application, especially in cowpea-mustard rotation.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- cowpea-mustard rotatione0
- Outcome
- higher annual K application than the recommended dosee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thus, the present study demonstrates several beneficial effects of higher annual K application than the recommended dose to all crop rotations (especially to cowpea-mustard rotation), hence, the same is advocated for adoption by the farmers in this part of the country.”
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See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.