Abstract
Predicted reduced precipitation, enhanced evaporative demand and increasing CO2 in the atmosphere will strongly influence wheat production. The association of wheat with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) improves growth under stressful conditions. Our objective was to test the influence of mycorrhizal inoculation on yield, and accumulation of macro- and micro-nutrients and gliadins in grains of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) plants grown under different CO2 concentrations and water regimes. The main factors of the experimental design were mycorrhizal inoculation (inoculated or non-inoculated plants); atmospheric CO2 concentration (ambient, ACO2, or elevated, ECO2); and water regime (optimal or restricted water regime). At ACO2, the simultaneous application of AMF and water deficit decreased the number of seeds per spike without affecting the biomass of grains, and grains accumulated higher contents of copper, iron, manganese, zinc and gliadins. The opposite effect was observed with ECO2 where, regardless of mycorrhizal and water treatment factors, a general depletion of contents of micro- and macro-nutrients and gliadins was detected. Whereas mycorrhizal inoculation together with drought applied to plants cultivated at ACO2 improved wheat grain quality parameters, under ECO2, mycorrhization did not ameliorate grain quality parameters detected in plants that produced the largest grain dry matter values.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
At ambient CO2, AMF combined with water deficit decreased the number of seeds per spike.
- Taxon
- durum wheat
Triticum turgidum subsp. durumt0 - Treatment
- simultaneous application of AMF and water deficite1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- number of seeds per spikee1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Setting
- ACO2e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Durum wheat quality traits affected by mycorrhizal inoculation, water availability and atmospheric CO2 concentration”
e1“At ACO2, the simultaneous application of AMF and water deficit decreased the number of seeds per spike without affecting the biomass of grains, and grains accumulated higher contents of copper, iron, manganese, zinc and gliadins”
Claim · model-written summary
At ambient CO2, AMF combined with water deficit did not change grain biomass.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- simultaneous application of AMF and water deficite1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- biomass of grainse1
- Direction
- without affectinge1
- Setting
- ACO2e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Durum wheat quality traits affected by mycorrhizal inoculation, water availability and atmospheric CO2 concentration”
e1“At ACO2, the simultaneous application of AMF and water deficit decreased the number of seeds per spike without affecting the biomass of grains, and grains accumulated higher contents of copper, iron, manganese, zinc and gliadins”
Claim · model-written summary
At ambient CO2, AMF combined with water deficit raised grain copper, iron and manganese contents.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- simultaneous application of AMF and water deficite1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- copper, iron, manganesee1
- Direction
- highere1
- Setting
- ACO2e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Durum wheat quality traits affected by mycorrhizal inoculation, water availability and atmospheric CO2 concentration”
e1“At ACO2, the simultaneous application of AMF and water deficit decreased the number of seeds per spike without affecting the biomass of grains, and grains accumulated higher contents of copper, iron, manganese, zinc and gliadins”
Claim · model-written summary
At ambient CO2, AMF combined with water deficit raised grain zinc content.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- simultaneous application of AMF and water deficite1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- zince1
- Direction
- highere1
- Setting
- ACO2e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Durum wheat quality traits affected by mycorrhizal inoculation, water availability and atmospheric CO2 concentration”
e1“At ACO2, the simultaneous application of AMF and water deficit decreased the number of seeds per spike without affecting the biomass of grains, and grains accumulated higher contents of copper, iron, manganese, zinc and gliadins”
Claim · model-written summary
At ambient CO2, AMF combined with water deficit raised grain gliadin content.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- simultaneous application of AMF and water deficite1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- gliadinse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Setting
- ACO2e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Durum wheat quality traits affected by mycorrhizal inoculation, water availability and atmospheric CO2 concentration”
e1“At ACO2, the simultaneous application of AMF and water deficit decreased the number of seeds per spike without affecting the biomass of grains, and grains accumulated higher contents of copper, iron, manganese, zinc and gliadins”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 depleted grain micro- and macronutrient and gliadin contents relative to ambient CO2, regardless of mycorrhizal and water treatment.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- ECO2e2
- Outcome
- contents of micro- and macro-nutrients and gliadinse2
- Direction
- depletione2
- Qualifier
- regardless of mycorrhizal and water treatment factorse2
- Comparator
- ACO2e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Durum wheat quality traits affected by mycorrhizal inoculation, water availability and atmospheric CO2 concentration”
e2“The opposite effect was observed with ECO2 where, regardless of mycorrhizal and water treatment factors, a general depletion of contents of micro- and macro-nutrients and gliadins was detected”
e1“At ACO2, the simultaneous application of AMF and water deficit decreased the number of seeds per spike”
Claim · model-written summary
Under elevated CO2, mycorrhization did not improve grain quality parameters of durum wheat.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizatione3
- Outcome
- grain quality parameterse3
- Direction
- did not amelioratee3
- Setting
- ECO2e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Durum wheat quality traits affected by mycorrhizal inoculation, water availability and atmospheric CO2 concentration”
e3“under ECO2, mycorrhization did not ameliorate grain quality parameters detected in plants that produced the largest grain dry matter values”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal inoculation with drought at ambient CO2 improved wheat grain quality parameters.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume4 - Treatment
- mycorrhizal inoculation together with droughte4
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)e0symbiont
- Outcome
- wheat grain quality parameterse4
- Direction
- improvede4
- Setting
- ACO2e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Durum wheat quality traits affected by mycorrhizal inoculation, water availability and atmospheric CO2 concentration”
e0“The association of wheat with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) improves growth under stressful conditions”
e4“Whereas mycorrhizal inoculation together with drought applied to plants cultivated at ACO2 improved wheat grain quality parameters”
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8 of 12 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.