Abstract
Gama-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a nonprotein amino acid in plant cells, which responds to changes in environmental factors. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of foliar spray of GABA on drought and heat tolerance in creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera ), and to investigate physiological factors altered by GABA application that contribute to improved drought tolerance and heat tolerance. GABA-treated plants (cv. Penncross) or non-GABA-treated control plants were then subjected to the following three treatments in growth chambers: 1) nonstress control [plants irrigated every 2 days to maintain soil water content at the pot capacity and maintained at 21/19 °C (day/night) for 35 days], 2) heat stress [plants exposed to 35/30 °C (day/night) and well-watered conditions for 35 days], and 3) drought stress [plants unirrigated for 9 days and maintained at 21/19 °C (day/night), and then rewatered for 2 days]. As compared with untreated plants, GABA-treated plants showed 22% to 39% and 8% to 21% significantly lower leaf electrolyte leakage (EL) and 35% to 143% and 21% to 24% significantly higher turf quality (TQ), 8% to 17% and 17% to 24% relative water content (RWC), 22% to 39% and 25% to 27% chlorophyll content, 7% to 11% and 6% to 17% photochemical efficiency, and an 84% to 683% and 57% to 76% osmotic adjustment (OA) exposed to heat or drought stress across days of treatment, respectively. GABA-treated plants accumulated 7% to 10% more water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and 11% to 43% more free proline than nontreated plants under heat stress, and 12% to 30% higher accumulation of WSC under drought stress. After 2 days of rewatering, a significantly better recovery also was observed in GABA-treated plants than that in nontreated plants previously exposed to drought stress. The results suggest that foliar application of GABA significantly improved heat and drought tolerance of creeping bentgrass, which was associated with maintenance of cell membrane stability, delaying in leaf senescence, and enhancing OA. The effectiveness of exogenous GABA application was more pronounced under heat stress than under drought stress.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
GABA changed leaf electrolyte leakage under heat stress by 22% to 39% relative to untreated plants.
- Taxon
- Creeping Bentgrass
Agrostis stoloniferat0 - Treatment
- GABA-treated plantse0
- Outcome
- leaf electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 22% to 39%e0
- Qualifier
- heate0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As compared with untreated plants, GABA-treated plants showed 22% to 39% and 8% to 21% significantly lower leaf electrolyte leakage (EL) and 35% to 143% and 21% to 24% significantly higher turf quality (TQ), 8% to 17% and 17% to 24% relative water content (RWC), 22% to 39% and 25% to 27% chlorophyll content, 7% to 11% and 6% to 17% photochemical efficiency, and an 84% to 683% and 57% to 76% osmotic adjustment (OA) exposed to heat or drought stress across days of treatment, respectively.”
t0“Creeping Bentgrass”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA changed leaf electrolyte leakage under drought stress by 8% to 21% relative to untreated plants.
- Taxon
- Creeping BentgrassAgrostis stoloniferat0
- Treatment
- GABA-treated plantse0
- Outcome
- leaf electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 8% to 21%e0
- Qualifier
- droughte0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As compared with untreated plants, GABA-treated plants showed 22% to 39% and 8% to 21% significantly lower leaf electrolyte leakage (EL) and 35% to 143% and 21% to 24% significantly higher turf quality (TQ), 8% to 17% and 17% to 24% relative water content (RWC), 22% to 39% and 25% to 27% chlorophyll content, 7% to 11% and 6% to 17% photochemical efficiency, and an 84% to 683% and 57% to 76% osmotic adjustment (OA) exposed to heat or drought stress across days of treatment, respectively.”
t0“Creeping Bentgrass”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA changed turf quality under heat stress by 35% to 143% relative to untreated plants.
- Taxon
- Creeping BentgrassAgrostis stoloniferat0
- Treatment
- GABA-treated plantse0
- Outcome
- turf qualitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 35% to 143%e0
- Qualifier
- heate0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As compared with untreated plants, GABA-treated plants showed 22% to 39% and 8% to 21% significantly lower leaf electrolyte leakage (EL) and 35% to 143% and 21% to 24% significantly higher turf quality (TQ), 8% to 17% and 17% to 24% relative water content (RWC), 22% to 39% and 25% to 27% chlorophyll content, 7% to 11% and 6% to 17% photochemical efficiency, and an 84% to 683% and 57% to 76% osmotic adjustment (OA) exposed to heat or drought stress across days of treatment, respectively.”
t0“Creeping Bentgrass”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA changed turf quality under drought stress by 21% to 24% relative to untreated plants.
- Taxon
- Creeping BentgrassAgrostis stoloniferat0
- Treatment
- GABA-treated plantse0
- Outcome
- turf qualitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 21% to 24%e0
- Qualifier
- droughte0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As compared with untreated plants, GABA-treated plants showed 22% to 39% and 8% to 21% significantly lower leaf electrolyte leakage (EL) and 35% to 143% and 21% to 24% significantly higher turf quality (TQ), 8% to 17% and 17% to 24% relative water content (RWC), 22% to 39% and 25% to 27% chlorophyll content, 7% to 11% and 6% to 17% photochemical efficiency, and an 84% to 683% and 57% to 76% osmotic adjustment (OA) exposed to heat or drought stress across days of treatment, respectively.”
t0“Creeping Bentgrass”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA changed relative water content under heat stress by 8% to 17% relative to untreated plants.
- Taxon
- Creeping BentgrassAgrostis stoloniferat0
- Treatment
- GABA-treated plantse0
- Outcome
- relative water contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 8% to 17%e0
- Qualifier
- heate0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As compared with untreated plants, GABA-treated plants showed 22% to 39% and 8% to 21% significantly lower leaf electrolyte leakage (EL) and 35% to 143% and 21% to 24% significantly higher turf quality (TQ), 8% to 17% and 17% to 24% relative water content (RWC), 22% to 39% and 25% to 27% chlorophyll content, 7% to 11% and 6% to 17% photochemical efficiency, and an 84% to 683% and 57% to 76% osmotic adjustment (OA) exposed to heat or drought stress across days of treatment, respectively.”
t0“Creeping Bentgrass”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA changed relative water content under drought stress by 17% to 24% relative to untreated plants.
- Taxon
- Creeping BentgrassAgrostis stoloniferat0
- Treatment
- GABA-treated plantse0
- Outcome
- relative water contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 17% to 24%e0
- Qualifier
- droughte0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As compared with untreated plants, GABA-treated plants showed 22% to 39% and 8% to 21% significantly lower leaf electrolyte leakage (EL) and 35% to 143% and 21% to 24% significantly higher turf quality (TQ), 8% to 17% and 17% to 24% relative water content (RWC), 22% to 39% and 25% to 27% chlorophyll content, 7% to 11% and 6% to 17% photochemical efficiency, and an 84% to 683% and 57% to 76% osmotic adjustment (OA) exposed to heat or drought stress across days of treatment, respectively.”
t0“Creeping Bentgrass”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA changed chlorophyll content under heat stress by 22% to 39% relative to untreated plants.
- Taxon
- Creeping BentgrassAgrostis stoloniferat0
- Treatment
- GABA-treated plantse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 22% to 39%e0
- Qualifier
- heate0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As compared with untreated plants, GABA-treated plants showed 22% to 39% and 8% to 21% significantly lower leaf electrolyte leakage (EL) and 35% to 143% and 21% to 24% significantly higher turf quality (TQ), 8% to 17% and 17% to 24% relative water content (RWC), 22% to 39% and 25% to 27% chlorophyll content, 7% to 11% and 6% to 17% photochemical efficiency, and an 84% to 683% and 57% to 76% osmotic adjustment (OA) exposed to heat or drought stress across days of treatment, respectively.”
t0“Creeping Bentgrass”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA changed chlorophyll content under drought stress by 25% to 27% relative to untreated plants.
- Taxon
- Creeping BentgrassAgrostis stoloniferat0
- Treatment
- GABA-treated plantse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 25% to 27%e0
- Qualifier
- droughte0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As compared with untreated plants, GABA-treated plants showed 22% to 39% and 8% to 21% significantly lower leaf electrolyte leakage (EL) and 35% to 143% and 21% to 24% significantly higher turf quality (TQ), 8% to 17% and 17% to 24% relative water content (RWC), 22% to 39% and 25% to 27% chlorophyll content, 7% to 11% and 6% to 17% photochemical efficiency, and an 84% to 683% and 57% to 76% osmotic adjustment (OA) exposed to heat or drought stress across days of treatment, respectively.”
t0“Creeping Bentgrass”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA changed photochemical efficiency under heat stress by 7% to 11% relative to untreated plants.
- Taxon
- Creeping BentgrassAgrostis stoloniferat0
- Treatment
- GABA-treated plantse0
- Outcome
- photochemical efficiencye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 7% to 11%e0
- Qualifier
- heate0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As compared with untreated plants, GABA-treated plants showed 22% to 39% and 8% to 21% significantly lower leaf electrolyte leakage (EL) and 35% to 143% and 21% to 24% significantly higher turf quality (TQ), 8% to 17% and 17% to 24% relative water content (RWC), 22% to 39% and 25% to 27% chlorophyll content, 7% to 11% and 6% to 17% photochemical efficiency, and an 84% to 683% and 57% to 76% osmotic adjustment (OA) exposed to heat or drought stress across days of treatment, respectively.”
t0“Creeping Bentgrass”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA changed photochemical efficiency under drought stress by 6% to 17% relative to untreated plants.
- Taxon
- Creeping BentgrassAgrostis stoloniferat0
- Treatment
- GABA-treated plantse0
- Outcome
- photochemical efficiencye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 6% to 17%e0
- Qualifier
- droughte0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As compared with untreated plants, GABA-treated plants showed 22% to 39% and 8% to 21% significantly lower leaf electrolyte leakage (EL) and 35% to 143% and 21% to 24% significantly higher turf quality (TQ), 8% to 17% and 17% to 24% relative water content (RWC), 22% to 39% and 25% to 27% chlorophyll content, 7% to 11% and 6% to 17% photochemical efficiency, and an 84% to 683% and 57% to 76% osmotic adjustment (OA) exposed to heat or drought stress across days of treatment, respectively.”
t0“Creeping Bentgrass”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA changed osmotic adjustment under heat stress by 84% to 683% relative to untreated plants.
- Taxon
- Creeping BentgrassAgrostis stoloniferat0
- Treatment
- GABA-treated plantse0
- Outcome
- osmotic adjustmente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 84% to 683%e0
- Qualifier
- heate0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As compared with untreated plants, GABA-treated plants showed 22% to 39% and 8% to 21% significantly lower leaf electrolyte leakage (EL) and 35% to 143% and 21% to 24% significantly higher turf quality (TQ), 8% to 17% and 17% to 24% relative water content (RWC), 22% to 39% and 25% to 27% chlorophyll content, 7% to 11% and 6% to 17% photochemical efficiency, and an 84% to 683% and 57% to 76% osmotic adjustment (OA) exposed to heat or drought stress across days of treatment, respectively.”
t0“Creeping Bentgrass”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA changed osmotic adjustment under drought stress by 57% to 76% relative to untreated plants.
- Taxon
- Creeping BentgrassAgrostis stoloniferat0
- Treatment
- GABA-treated plantse0
- Outcome
- osmotic adjustmente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 57% to 76%e0
- Qualifier
- droughte0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As compared with untreated plants, GABA-treated plants showed 22% to 39% and 8% to 21% significantly lower leaf electrolyte leakage (EL) and 35% to 143% and 21% to 24% significantly higher turf quality (TQ), 8% to 17% and 17% to 24% relative water content (RWC), 22% to 39% and 25% to 27% chlorophyll content, 7% to 11% and 6% to 17% photochemical efficiency, and an 84% to 683% and 57% to 76% osmotic adjustment (OA) exposed to heat or drought stress across days of treatment, respectively.”
t0“Creeping Bentgrass”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA increased water-soluble carbohydrates under heat stress.
- Taxon
- Creeping BentgrassAgrostis stoloniferat0
- Treatment
- GABA-treated plantse0
- Outcome
- water-soluble carbohydratese0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 7% to 10%e0
- Comparator
- nontreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GABA-treated plants accumulated 7% to 10% more water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and 11% to 43% more free proline than nontreated plants under heat stress”
t0“Creeping Bentgrass”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA increased free proline under heat stress.
- Taxon
- Creeping BentgrassAgrostis stoloniferat0
- Treatment
- GABA-treated plantse0
- Outcome
- free prolinee0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 11% to 43%e0
- Comparator
- nontreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GABA-treated plants accumulated 7% to 10% more water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and 11% to 43% more free proline than nontreated plants under heat stress”
t0“Creeping Bentgrass”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA increased water-soluble carbohydrate accumulation under drought.
- Taxon
- Creeping BentgrassAgrostis stoloniferat0
- Treatment
- GABA-treated plantse0
- Outcome
- accumulation of WSCe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 12% to 30%e0
- Comparator
- nontreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GABA-treated plants accumulated 7% to 10% more water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and 11% to 43% more free proline than nontreated plants under heat stress, and 12% to 30% higher accumulation of WSC under drought stress.”
t0“Creeping Bentgrass”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA-treated plants recovered better after two days of rewatering.
- Taxon
- Creeping BentgrassAgrostis stoloniferat0
- Treatment
- GABA-treated plantse0
- Outcome
- recoverye0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Qualifier
- After 2 days of rewateringe0
- Comparator
- nontreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After 2 days of rewatering, a significantly better recovery also was observed in GABA-treated plants than that in nontreated plants previously exposed to drought stress.”
t0“Creeping Bentgrass”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA was more effective under heat stress than drought stress.
- Taxon
- Creeping BentgrassAgrostis stoloniferat0
- Outcome
- effectiveness of exogenous GABA applicatione0
- Direction
- more pronouncede0
- Comparator
- drought stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effectiveness of exogenous GABA application was more pronounced under heat stress than under drought stress.”
t0“Creeping Bentgrass”
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