Abstract
Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) is an excellent cool-season turfgrass that is widely used in urban gardening, landscaping, and golf turf. Triennial field experiments from 2017 to 2019 were conducted to investigate effects of the foliar application of chitosan (CTS), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), or sodium chloride (NaCl) on mitigating summer bentgrass decline (SBD) and exploring the CTS, GABA, or NaCl regulatory mechanism of tolerance to summer heat stress associated with changes in chlorophyll (Chl) loss and photosynthetic capacity, osmotic adjustment (OA), oxidative damage, and cell membrane stability. The findings demonstrated that persistent ambient high temperatures above 30 °C during the summer months of 2017, 2018, and 2019 significantly reduced the turf quality (TQ), Chl content, photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm and PIABS), leaf relative water content, and osmotic potential (OP) but significantly increased electrolyte leakage (EL) and the accumulations of free proline, water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA). The foliar application of CTS, GABA, or NaCl could significantly alleviate SBD, as reflected by improved TQ and delayed Chl loss during hot summer months. Heat-induced declines in Fv/Fm, PIABS, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), the transpiration rate (Tr), and water use efficiency (WUE) could be significantly mitigated by the exogenous application of CTS, GABA, or NaCl. In addition, the foliar application of CTS, GABA, or NaCl also significantly improved the accumulations of free proline and WSC but reduced the EL, OP, and H2O2 content and the MDA content in leaves of creeping bentgrass in favor of water and redox homeostasis in summer. Based on the comprehensive evaluation of the subordinate function value analysis (SFVA), the CTS had the best effect on the mitigation of SBD, followed by GABA and NaCl in 2017, 2018, and 2019. The current study indicates that the foliar application of an appropriate dose of GABA, CTS, or NaCl provides a cost-effective strategy for mitigating SBD.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Persistent ambient temperatures above 30 °C reduced turf quality, chlorophyll content and photochemical efficiency of creeping bentgrass.
- Taxon
- Creeping bentgrass
Agrostis stoloniferae1 - Treatment
- persistent ambient high temperatures above 30 °Ce2
- Outcome
- turf quality (TQ), Chl content, photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm and PIABS)e2
- Direction
- reducede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) is an excellent cool-season turfgrass”
e2“persistent ambient high temperatures above 30 °C during the summer months of 2017, 2018, and 2019 significantly reduced the turf quality (TQ), Chl content, photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm and PIABS), leaf relative water content, and osmotic potential (OP)”
Claim · model-written summary
Persistent ambient temperatures above 30 °C reduced leaf relative water content and osmotic potential of creeping bentgrass.
- Taxon
- Creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Treatment
- persistent ambient high temperatures above 30 °Ce2
- Outcome
- leaf relative water content, and osmotic potential (OP)e2
- Direction
- reducede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) is an excellent cool-season turfgrass”
e2“persistent ambient high temperatures above 30 °C during the summer months of 2017, 2018, and 2019 significantly reduced the turf quality (TQ), Chl content, photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm and PIABS), leaf relative water content, and osmotic potential (OP)”
Claim · model-written summary
Persistent ambient temperatures above 30 °C increased free proline and water-soluble carbohydrate accumulation in creeping bentgrass.
- Taxon
- Creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Treatment
- persistent ambient high temperatures above 30 °Ce2
- Outcome
- free proline, water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC)e3
- Direction
- increasede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) is an excellent cool-season turfgrass”
e2“persistent ambient high temperatures above 30 °C during the summer months of 2017, 2018, and 2019 significantly reduced the turf quality (TQ), Chl content, photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm and PIABS), leaf relative water content, and osmotic potential (OP)”
e3“but significantly increased electrolyte leakage (EL) and the accumulations of free proline, water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Persistent ambient temperatures above 30 °C increased electrolyte leakage in creeping bentgrass.
- Taxon
- Creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Treatment
- persistent ambient high temperatures above 30 °Ce2
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakage (EL)e3
- Direction
- increasede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) is an excellent cool-season turfgrass”
e2“persistent ambient high temperatures above 30 °C during the summer months of 2017, 2018, and 2019 significantly reduced the turf quality (TQ), Chl content, photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm and PIABS), leaf relative water content, and osmotic potential (OP)”
e3“but significantly increased electrolyte leakage (EL) and the accumulations of free proline, water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Persistent ambient temperatures above 30 °C increased hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde in creeping bentgrass.
- Taxon
- Creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Treatment
- persistent ambient high temperatures above 30 °Ce2
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA)e3
- Direction
- increasede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) is an excellent cool-season turfgrass”
e2“persistent ambient high temperatures above 30 °C during the summer months of 2017, 2018, and 2019 significantly reduced the turf quality (TQ), Chl content, photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm and PIABS), leaf relative water content, and osmotic potential (OP)”
e3“but significantly increased electrolyte leakage (EL) and the accumulations of free proline, water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of CTS, GABA or NaCl alleviated summer bentgrass decline of creeping bentgrass.
- Taxon
- Creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Treatment
- foliar application of CTS, GABA, or NaCle4
- Outcome
- SBDe4
- Direction
- alleviatee4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) is an excellent cool-season turfgrass”
e4“The foliar application of CTS, GABA, or NaCl could significantly alleviate SBD, as reflected by improved TQ and delayed Chl loss during hot summer months”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of CTS, GABA or NaCl improved turf quality of creeping bentgrass in hot summer months.
- Taxon
- Creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Treatment
- foliar application of CTS, GABA, or NaCle4
- Outcome
- TQe4
- Direction
- improvede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) is an excellent cool-season turfgrass”
e4“The foliar application of CTS, GABA, or NaCl could significantly alleviate SBD, as reflected by improved TQ and delayed Chl loss during hot summer months”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of CTS, GABA or NaCl delayed chlorophyll loss of creeping bentgrass in hot summer months.
- Taxon
- Creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Treatment
- foliar application of CTS, GABA, or NaCle4
- Outcome
- Chl losse4
- Direction
- delayede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) is an excellent cool-season turfgrass”
e4“The foliar application of CTS, GABA, or NaCl could significantly alleviate SBD, as reflected by improved TQ and delayed Chl loss during hot summer months”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous CTS, GABA or NaCl significantly mitigated heat-induced declines in Fv/Fm and PIABS of creeping bentgrass.
- Taxon
- Creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Treatment
- exogenous application of CTS, GABA, or NaCle5
- Outcome
- Fv/Fm, PIABSe5
- Direction
- mitigatede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) is an excellent cool-season turfgrass”
e5“Heat-induced declines in Fv/Fm, PIABS, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), the transpiration rate (Tr), and water use efficiency (WUE) could be significantly mitigated by the exogenous application of CTS, GABA, or NaCl”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous CTS, GABA or NaCl significantly mitigated heat-induced declines in net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and water use efficiency of creeping bentgrass.
- Taxon
- Creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Treatment
- exogenous application of CTS, GABA, or NaCle5
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic rate (Pn), the transpiration rate (Tr), and water use efficiency (WUE)e5
- Direction
- mitigatede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) is an excellent cool-season turfgrass”
e5“Heat-induced declines in Fv/Fm, PIABS, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), the transpiration rate (Tr), and water use efficiency (WUE) could be significantly mitigated by the exogenous application of CTS, GABA, or NaCl”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of CTS, GABA or NaCl improved free proline and WSC accumulation in creeping bentgrass.
- Taxon
- Creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Treatment
- foliar application of CTS, GABA, or NaCle6
- Outcome
- accumulations of free proline and WSCe6
- Direction
- improvede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) is an excellent cool-season turfgrass”
e6“the foliar application of CTS, GABA, or NaCl also significantly improved the accumulations of free proline and WSC but reduced the EL, OP, and H2O2 content and the MDA content in leaves of creeping bentgrass in favor of water and redox homeostasis in summer”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of CTS, GABA or NaCl reduced electrolyte leakage, osmotic potential and hydrogen peroxide content of creeping bentgrass.
- Taxon
- Creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Treatment
- foliar application of CTS, GABA, or NaCle6
- Outcome
- EL, OP, and H2O2 contente6
- Direction
- reducede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) is an excellent cool-season turfgrass”
e6“the foliar application of CTS, GABA, or NaCl also significantly improved the accumulations of free proline and WSC but reduced the EL, OP, and H2O2 content and the MDA content in leaves of creeping bentgrass in favor of water and redox homeostasis in summer”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of CTS, GABA or NaCl reduced malondialdehyde content of creeping bentgrass.
- Taxon
- Creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Treatment
- foliar application of CTS, GABA, or NaCle6
- Outcome
- MDA contente6
- Direction
- reducede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) is an excellent cool-season turfgrass”
e6“the foliar application of CTS, GABA, or NaCl also significantly improved the accumulations of free proline and WSC but reduced the EL, OP, and H2O2 content and the MDA content in leaves of creeping bentgrass in favor of water and redox homeostasis in summer”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan had the best effect on mitigating summer bentgrass decline, ahead of GABA and NaCl, in 2017, 2018 and 2019.
- Taxon
- Creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Treatment
- CTSe7
- Outcome
- mitigation of SBDe7
- Direction
- best effecte7
- Comparator
- GABA and NaCle7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) is an excellent cool-season turfgrass”
e7“Based on the comprehensive evaluation of the subordinate function value analysis (SFVA), the CTS had the best effect on the mitigation of SBD, followed by GABA and NaCl in 2017, 2018, and 2019”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of an appropriate dose of GABA, CTS or NaCl is a cost-effective strategy for mitigating summer bentgrass decline.
- Taxon
- Creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Treatment
- foliar application of an appropriate dose of GABA, CTS, or NaCle6
- Outcome
- mitigating SBDe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) is an excellent cool-season turfgrass”
e6“The current study indicates that the foliar application of an appropriate dose of GABA, CTS, or NaCl provides a cost-effective strategy for mitigating SBD”
The same questions in other papers
chitosan · quality: general · Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bent grass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
chitosan · quality: sugar starch · Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bent grass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
gamma-aminobutyric acid · quality: sugar starch · Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bent grass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
gamma-aminobutyric acid · quality: general · Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bent grass)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
chitosan · physiology: water · Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bent grass)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
chitosan · physiology: photosynthesis · Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bent grass)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
chitosan · physiology: oxidative · Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bent grass)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
gamma-aminobutyric acid · physiology: oxidative · Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bent grass)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →8 of 13 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.