Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid involved in regulating various environmental adaption in plants. Twenty-six-day-old creeping bentgrass plants were treated with or without GABA (0.5 mM) and then exposed to heat stress (35/30 °C, day/night) for 25 days. Results showed that exogenous GABA application significantly increased endogenous GABA accumulation and alleviated heat-caused growth inhibition and water loss during heat stress. GABA-treated creeping bentgrass maintained significantly lower carbonyl content, malondialdehyde content, and electrolyte leakage, but exhibited higher total antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, POD, APX, and DR) than untreated plants under heat stress. Heat stress significantly decreased chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, net photosynthesis, and water use efficiency. However, GABA application effectively alleviated these heat-induced negative effects in creeping bentgrass. In addition, exogenous GABA further increased the expression of heat-induced HSPs (HSP12, HSP17.8, HSP26.7, HSP70, HSP82, HSP90.1-A1, HSP90.1-B1, and HSP90-5) and HSFs (HSFA-2c, HSFA-2d, HSFA-6a, HSFB-2b, and HSFC-2b) and also further increased the abundance of HSP70, HSP90-1, and HSP101 in leaves of creeping bentgrass under heat stress. These results indicated that GABA alleviated heat-induced oxidative damage and chlorophyll loss through enhancing antioxidant capacity. GABA-treated creeping bentgrass maintained higher photosynthesis in leaves contributing to higher accumulation of water soluble carbohydrates for osmotic balance and energy supply under heat stress. GABA-regulated thermotolerance could be involved in upregulating HSF pathways in creeping bentgrass.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
GABA treatment increased endogenous GABA during heat stress.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrass
Agrostis stoloniferae1 - Treatment
- GABA (0.5 mM)e2
- Outcome
- endogenous GABA accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- without GABAe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous GABA application significantly increased endogenous GABA accumulation”
e1“GABA-treated creeping bentgrass maintained significantly lower”
e2“treated with or without GABA (0.5 mM)”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA alleviated heat-related growth inhibition and water loss.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Treatment
- GABA (0.5 mM)e2
- Outcome
- growth inhibition and water losse0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
- Qualifier
- during heat stresse0
- Comparator
- without GABAe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alleviated heat-caused growth inhibition and water loss during heat stress”
e1“GABA-treated creeping bentgrass maintained significantly lower”
e2“treated with or without GABA (0.5 mM)”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA-treated plants had lower carbonyl content, malondialdehyde content and electrolyte leakage than untreated plants under heat stress.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae0
- Treatment
- GABA-treatede0
- Outcome
- carbonyl content, malondialdehyde content, and electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- under heat stresse0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GABA-treated creeping bentgrass maintained significantly lower carbonyl content, malondialdehyde content, and electrolyte leakage, but exhibited higher total antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, POD, APX, and DR) than untreated plants under heat stress”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA-treated plants had higher antioxidant capacity and enzyme activities than untreated plants under heat stress.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae0
- Treatment
- GABA-treatede0
- Gene
- SOD, CAT, POD, APX, and DRe0
- Outcome
- total antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- under heat stresse0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GABA-treated creeping bentgrass maintained significantly lower carbonyl content, malondialdehyde content, and electrolyte leakage, but exhibited higher total antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, POD, APX, and DR) than untreated plants under heat stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress decreased chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Treatment
- Heat stresse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, transpiration ratee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat stress significantly decreased chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, net photosynthesis, and water use efficiency”
e1“creeping bentgrass plants were treated”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress decreased net photosynthesis and water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Treatment
- Heat stresse0
- Outcome
- net photosynthesis, and water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat stress significantly decreased chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, net photosynthesis, and water use efficiency”
e1“creeping bentgrass plants were treated”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA alleviated heat-induced declines in chlorophyll content, gas exchange and water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae0
- Treatment
- GABA applicatione0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, net photosynthesis, and water use efficiencye1
- Direction
- alleviatede0
- Comparator
- without GABAe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, GABA application effectively alleviated these heat-induced negative effects in creeping bentgrass”
e1“Heat stress significantly decreased chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, net photosynthesis, and water use efficiency”
e2“treated with or without GABA (0.5 mM)”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA further increased heat-induced HSP and HSF expression.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Treatment
- exogenous GABAe0
- Outcome
- expression of heat-induced HSPs (HSP12, HSP17.8, HSP26.7, HSP70, HSP82, HSP90.1-A1, HSP90.1-B1, and HSP90-5) and HSFs (HSFA-2c, HSFA-2d, HSFA-6a, HSFB-2b, and HSFC-2b)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous GABA further increased the expression of heat-induced HSPs (HSP12, HSP17.8, HSP26.7, HSP70, HSP82, HSP90.1-A1, HSP90.1-B1, and HSP90-5) and HSFs (HSFA-2c, HSFA-2d, HSFA-6a, HSFB-2b, and HSFC-2b)”
e1“creeping bentgrass under heat stress”
e2“than untreated plants under heat stress”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA further increased HSP70, HSP90-1 and HSP101 abundance in leaves under heat stress.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- exogenous GABAe1
- Outcome
- abundance of HSP70, HSP90-1, and HSP101e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“also further increased the abundance of HSP70, HSP90-1, and HSP101 in leaves of creeping bentgrass under heat stress”
e1“exogenous GABA further increased the expression”
e2“than untreated plants under heat stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute reduced oxidative damage and chlorophyll loss to enhanced antioxidant capacity under GABA.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae1
- Treatment
- GABAe0
- Outcome
- heat-induced oxidative damage and chlorophyll losse0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
- Qualifier
- through enhancing antioxidant capacitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GABA alleviated heat-induced oxidative damage and chlorophyll loss through enhancing antioxidant capacity”
e1“creeping bentgrass under heat stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors link higher leaf photosynthesis under GABA to higher water soluble carbohydrate accumulation.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- GABA-treatede0
- Outcome
- higher accumulation of water soluble carbohydratese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- photosynthesis in leaves contributing to higher accumulation of water soluble carbohydrates for osmotic balance and energy supplye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GABA-treated creeping bentgrass maintained higher photosynthesis in leaves contributing to higher accumulation of water soluble carbohydrates for osmotic balance and energy supply under heat stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest GABA thermotolerance may involve HSF pathway upregulation.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae0
- Treatment
- GABAe0
- Gene
- HSFe0
- Outcome
- thermotolerancee0
- Qualifier
- could be involved in upregulating HSF pathwayse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GABA-regulated thermotolerance could be involved in upregulating HSF pathways in creeping bentgrass”
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8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.