Abstract
SummaryWinter freezing injury is one of the most important factors limiting grapevine production. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of foliar potassium sulphate (K2SO4) fertilisation on the cold-hardiness of 'Bidaneh Sefid' grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). Four concentrations of potassium sulphate [0.0, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0% (w/v)] were sprayed to run-off on all leaves of each plant on five occasions at 2-week intervals starting on 11 June 2011. Cane samples were collected on 25 December 2011 and 23 February 2012 and analysed for their carbohydrate, proline, and protein concentrations, then exposed to 3 h freezing treatment between 0ºC and –30ºC, at intervals of 3ºC, to assess their level of cold-hardiness. The results showed that increased K2SO4 concentrations resulted in increased carbohydrate, proline, and protein concentrations. The latter increases were greater in cane samples collected in December 2011 than in February 2012, for which the levels of cold-hardiness were also lower. LT50 values (i.e., the lethal temperature at which 50% of tissues died) were estimated by the tetrazolium stain test and by electrolyte leakage measurements. The results indicated that K2SO4 sprays significantly increased cold-hardiness. Significant positive correlations were found between the results of both the tetrazolium stain tests and electrolyte leakage measurements and carbohydrate, proline, and protein concentrations in the cane samples. Compared to the canes, the buds were more vulnerable to cold-injury in December and in February. We conclude that the application of five K2SO4 sprays during the growing season has the capacity to increase the freezing tolerance of grapevine ('Bidaneh Sefid') and could be used as a prophylactic tool to reduce freezing injury during the Winter.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing K2SO4 spray concentration increased grapevine cane carbohydrate concentration.
VitisNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that increased K2SO4 concentrations resulted in increased carbohydrate, proline, and protein concentrations.”
e1“'Bidaneh Sefid' grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing K2SO4 spray concentration increased grapevine cane proline concentration.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that increased K2SO4 concentrations resulted in increased carbohydrate, proline, and protein concentrations.”
e1“'Bidaneh Sefid' grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing K2SO4 spray concentration increased grapevine cane protein concentration.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that increased K2SO4 concentrations resulted in increased carbohydrate, proline, and protein concentrations.”
e1“'Bidaneh Sefid' grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spray associated concentration increases were greater in December cane samples than February samples.
- Organ / stage
- canee0
- Outcome
- The latter increasese0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- February 2012e0
- Setting
- December 2011e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The latter increases were greater in cane samples collected in December 2011 than in February 2012”
e1“grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold hardiness was lower in February cane samples than December samples.
- Organ / stage
- canee1
- Outcome
- levels of cold-hardinesse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- December 2011e1
- Setting
- February 2012e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“February 2012, for which the levels of cold-hardiness were also lower.”
e1“cane samples collected in December 2011 than in February 2012”
e2“grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
K2SO4 sprays significantly increased grapevine cold hardiness.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results indicated that K2SO4 sprays significantly increased cold-hardiness.”
e1“grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Tetrazolium staining and electrolyte leakage results correlated positively with carbohydrate concentration in grapevine canes.
- Organ / stage
- canee0
- Compound
- carbohydratee0
- Outcome
- results of both the tetrazolium stain tests and electrolyte leakage measurementse0
- Direction
- positivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant positive correlations were found between the results of both the tetrazolium stain tests and electrolyte leakage measurements and carbohydrate, proline, and protein concentrations in the cane samples.”
e1“grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Tetrazolium staining and electrolyte leakage results correlated positively with proline concentration in grapevine canes.
- Organ / stage
- canee0
- Compound
- prolinee0
- Outcome
- results of both the tetrazolium stain tests and electrolyte leakage measurementse0
- Direction
- positivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant positive correlations were found between the results of both the tetrazolium stain tests and electrolyte leakage measurements and carbohydrate, proline, and protein concentrations in the cane samples.”
e1“grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Tetrazolium staining and electrolyte leakage results correlated positively with protein concentration in grapevine canes.
- Organ / stage
- canee0
- Outcome
- results of both the tetrazolium stain tests and electrolyte leakage measurementse0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Qualifier
- protein concentrationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant positive correlations were found between the results of both the tetrazolium stain tests and electrolyte leakage measurements and carbohydrate, proline, and protein concentrations in the cane samples.”
e1“grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grapevine buds were more vulnerable to cold injury than canes in December and February.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the canes, the buds were more vulnerable to cold-injury in December and in February.”
e1“grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend five growing season K2SO4 sprays to increase freezing tolerance and reduce winter freezing injury in grapevine.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of five K2SO4 sprays during the growing season has the capacity to increase the freezing tolerance of grapevine ('Bidaneh Sefid') and could be used as a prophylactic tool to reduce freezing injury during the Winter.”
The same questions in other papers
potassium sulfate · physiology: osmolytes · VitisResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
potassium sulfate · quality: sugar starch · VitisResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
application · tolerance: abiotic · VitisResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.