Abstract
SUMMARY Long-term fertilization experiment has been conducted since 1981 to study the effect of soil management practices on soil fertility, soil carbon and nitrogen sequestration, soil culturable microbe counts and crop yields at the Nanhu Experimental Station in the Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences (situated in the middle reach of the Yangtze River and the rice–wheat cropping system). The experiment was designed with the following eight treatments: (1) unfertilized treatment: Control; (2) inorganic nitrogen fertilizer treatment: N; (3) inorganic nitrogen plus inorganic phosphorus fertilizer treatment: NP; (4) inorganic nitrogen, inorganic phosphorus plus inorganic potassium fertilizer treatment: NPK; (5) pig dung compost (manure) treatment: M; (6) inorganic nitrogen fertilizer plus manure: NM; (7) inorganic nitrogen, inorganic phosphorus fertilizer plus manure treatment: NPM and (8) inorganic nitrogen, inorganic phosphorus, inorganic potassium fertilizer plus manure treatment: NPKM. The results showed that long-term application of organic manure in combination with inorganic fertilizer significantly ( p < 0.05) increased soil organic C concentrations compared with the corresponding inorganic fertilizers alone. Soil organic C contents were significantly ( p < 0.05) increased in balanced application of NPK fertilizers in comparison to unbalanced application of fertilizers. After 30 years of experiment, soil organic C and total N sequestration rate averagely were 0.48 t ha −1 year −1 and 28.3 kg ha −1 year −1 in the fertilized treatments respectively; nevertheless, it were 0.27 t ha −1 year −1 and 9.7 kg ha −1 year −1 in the unfertilized treatment. Application of organic fertilizer in combination with inorganic fertilizer significantly ( p < 0.05) increased culturable microbial counts compared with the corresponding inorganic fertilizers alone. The balanced application of NPK fertilizers significantly ( p < 0.05) increased culturable microbial counts compared with unbalanced application of fertilizers. The average grain yield of wheat and rice was significantly ( p < 0.05) higher in organic manure combined with inorganic fertilizer treatment than in inorganic fertilizer alone and unfertilized control. Therefore, long-term application of organic manure combined with inorganic fertilizer and balanced application of NPK fertilizers could increase soil organic C and total N sequestration, culturable microbial counts and crop grain yields.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Manure plus inorganic fertilizer increased soil organic carbon relative to inorganic fertilizer alone.
- Taxon
- RICE–WHEAT
Oryza sativa
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- organic manure in combination with inorganic fertilizere0
- Outcome
- soil organic C concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- corresponding inorganic fertilizers alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“RICE–WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEMS”
e0“long-term application of organic manure in combination with inorganic fertilizer significantly ( p < 0.05) increased soil organic C concentrations compared with the corresponding inorganic fertilizers alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Balanced NPK fertilizer increased soil organic carbon relative to unbalanced fertilizer.
- Taxon
- RICE–WHEATOryza sativaTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- balanced application of NPK fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- Soil organic C contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- unbalanced application of fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“RICE–WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEMS”
e0“Soil organic C contents were significantly ( p < 0.05) increased in balanced application of NPK fertilizers in comparison to unbalanced application of fertilizers.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilized treatments averaged a soil organic carbon sequestration rate of 0.48 t ha −1 year −1 versus 0.27 in unfertilized soil.
- Taxon
- RICE–WHEATOryza sativaTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fertilized treatmentse0
- Outcome
- soil organic C and total N sequestration ratee0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 0.48 t ha −1 year −1e0
- Qualifier
- 0.27 t ha −1 year −1e0
- Comparator
- unfertilized treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“RICE–WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEMS”
e0“soil organic C and total N sequestration rate averagely were 0.48 t ha −1 year −1 and 28.3 kg ha −1 year −1 in the fertilized treatments respectively; nevertheless, it were 0.27 t ha −1 year −1 and 9.7 kg ha −1 year −1 in the unfertilized treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilized treatments averaged a total N sequestration rate of 28.3 kg ha −1 year −1 versus 9.7 in unfertilized soil.
- Taxon
- RICE–WHEATOryza sativaTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fertilized treatmentse0
- Outcome
- total N sequestration ratee0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 28.3 kg ha −1 year −1e0
- Qualifier
- 9.7 kg ha −1 year −1e0
- Comparator
- unfertilized treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“RICE–WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEMS”
e0“soil organic C and total N sequestration rate averagely were 0.48 t ha −1 year −1 and 28.3 kg ha −1 year −1 in the fertilized treatments respectively; nevertheless, it were 0.27 t ha −1 year −1 and 9.7 kg ha −1 year −1 in the unfertilized treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure with inorganic fertilizer increased culturable microbial counts.
- Taxon
- RICE–WHEATOryza sativaTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- organic fertilizer in combination with inorganic fertilizere0
- Outcome
- culturable microbial countse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- corresponding inorganic fertilizers alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“RICE–WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEMS”
e0“Application of organic fertilizer in combination with inorganic fertilizer significantly ( p < 0.05) increased culturable microbial counts compared with the corresponding inorganic fertilizers alone.”
Claim · model-written summary
Balanced NPK increased culturable microbial counts relative to unbalanced fertilizer.
- Taxon
- RICE–WHEATOryza sativaTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- balanced application of NPK fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- culturable microbial countse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- unbalanced application of fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“RICE–WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEMS”
e0“The balanced application of NPK fertilizers significantly ( p < 0.05) increased culturable microbial counts compared with unbalanced application of fertilizers.”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure with inorganic fertilizer increased average wheat grain yield relative to inorganic fertilizer alone and unfertilized control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- organic manure combined with inorganic fertilizer treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain yield of wheate0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- inorganic fertilizer alone and unfertilized controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The average grain yield of wheat and rice was significantly ( p < 0.05) higher in organic manure combined with inorganic fertilizer treatment than in inorganic fertilizer alone and unfertilized control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure with inorganic fertilizer increased average rice grain yield relative to inorganic fertilizer alone and unfertilized control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- organic manure combined with inorganic fertilizer treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain yield of wheat and ricee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- inorganic fertilizer alone and unfertilized controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The average grain yield of wheat and rice was significantly ( p < 0.05) higher in organic manure combined with inorganic fertilizer treatment than in inorganic fertilizer alone and unfertilized control.”
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