Abstract
SummaryTo investigate the feasibility of using paclobutrazol (PBZ) to control chemically mango tree size under rainfed conditions, the physiological persistence of soil applied PBZ on the vegetative growth, flowering behaviour, nutritional status, fruit set and quality of ‘Tommy Atkins’ mango was assessed for three consecutive years. A single application of PBZ (0, 2.5, 5,10,15, 20, and 40 g per tree) was made after harvest in June, 1990. Each dosage was dissolved in 2 1 of water and applied in a 15 cm depth trench at 1.5 m around the tree. Shoot length was significantly reduced only with 10 g PBZ per tree and greater concentrations. PBZ at 20 and 40 g per tree drastically reduced vegetative growth for a year after treatment. The effect of 10 g PBZ per tree on shoot growth was modest and lasted one year. With the exception of 40 g PBZ per tree, the effect of any level of PBZ on shoot length disappeared by year three. Increases in PBZ levels increased the earliness of flowering from 16 d (2.5 g PBZ per tree) to 40 d (40 g PBZ per tree) in the first year. For the second year after treatment, the effect of PBZ on time to flowering started to decline and, with the exception of 15 and 40 g PBZ per tree, earliness of flowering disappeared by year three after treatment. PBZ levels from 2.5 to 20 g per tree did not affect the number of mature fruit per m2 of canopy during the three experimental years. PBZ at 40 g per tree resulted in the lowest production of mature fruits for the first two years after application. However, for the third year this treatment produced most mature fruit per m2 of canopy. All PBZ rates decreased average fruit weight, but, the smallest fruits were produced with 15, 20 and 40 g PBZ per tree. Total soluble solids of fruit juice were not affected at low PBZ-rates (2.5 and 5 g per tree), but they were significantly higher with 10 g PBZ per tree and greater concentrations. PBZ at 10 g per tree and above drastically reduced leaf P and Ca content. A similar reduction was found for Mg with levels of 15 g PBZ per tree and above. No significant changes were detected in the leaf content of N and K. The use of 10 g PBZ per tree may have a dual effect, as it may reduce tree size and induce early flowering. To keep this effect, we speculate that under rainfed conditions, a single application of 10 g PBZ per tree should be followed by a reapplication with 10 or 5 g per tree every two years.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot length fell significantly only at 10 g PBZ per tree and higher rates.
- Taxon
- mango
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Mangifera indicat0 - Treatment
- 10 g PBZ per tree and greater concentrationse0
- Outcome
- Shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_from_India.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Shoot length was significantly reduced only with 10 g PBZ per tree and greater concentrations.”
t0“‘Tommy Atkins’ mango (Mangifera indicaL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
PBZ at 20 g per tree sharply reduced vegetative growth for one year.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- 20e0
- Outcome
- vegetative growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- for a year after treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PBZ at 20 and 40 g per tree drastically reduced vegetative growth for a year after treatment.”
t0“‘Tommy Atkins’ mango (Mangifera indicaL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
PBZ at 40 g per tree sharply reduced vegetative growth for one year.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- 40 g per treee0
- Outcome
- vegetative growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- for a year after treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PBZ at 20 and 40 g per tree drastically reduced vegetative growth for a year after treatment.”
t0“‘Tommy Atkins’ mango (Mangifera indicaL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The effect of 10 g PBZ per tree on shoot growth was modest and lasted one year.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- 10 g PBZ per treee0
- Outcome
- shoot growthe0
- Qualifier
- lasted one yeare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effect of 10 g PBZ per tree on shoot growth was modest and lasted one year.”
t0“‘Tommy Atkins’ mango (Mangifera indicaL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot length effects of PBZ rates except 40 g disappeared by year three.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- any level of PBZe0
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- disappearede0
- Qualifier
- by year threee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the exception of 40 g PBZ per tree, the effect of any level of PBZ on shoot length disappeared by year three.”
t0“‘Tommy Atkins’ mango (Mangifera indicaL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
At 2.5 g PBZ per tree, flowering was 16 days earlier in year one.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- 2.5 g PBZ per treee0
- Outcome
- earliness of floweringe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16 de0
- Qualifier
- in the first yeare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increases in PBZ levels increased the earliness of flowering from 16 d (2.5 g PBZ per tree) to 40 d (40 g PBZ per tree) in the first year.”
t0“‘Tommy Atkins’ mango (Mangifera indicaL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
At 40 g PBZ per tree, flowering was 40 days earlier in year one.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- 40 g PBZ per treee0
- Outcome
- earliness of floweringe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 40 de0
- Qualifier
- in the first yeare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increases in PBZ levels increased the earliness of flowering from 16 d (2.5 g PBZ per tree) to 40 d (40 g PBZ per tree) in the first year.”
t0“‘Tommy Atkins’ mango (Mangifera indicaL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The flowering-time effect declined in year two and disappeared by year three except at 15 and 40 g.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Outcome
- time to floweringe0
- Direction
- declinee0
- Qualifier
- with the exception of 15 and 40 g PBZ per treee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For the second year after treatment, the effect of PBZ on time to flowering started to decline and, with the exception of 15 and 40 g PBZ per tree, earliness of flowering disappeared by year three after treatment.”
t0“‘Tommy Atkins’ mango (Mangifera indicaL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
PBZ from 2.5 to 20 g per tree did not affect mature fruit count over three years.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- PBZ levels from 2.5 to 20 g per treee0
- Outcome
- number of mature fruit per m2 of canopye0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
- Qualifier
- during the three experimental yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PBZ levels from 2.5 to 20 g per tree did not affect the number of mature fruit per m2 of canopy during the three experimental years.”
t0“‘Tommy Atkins’ mango (Mangifera indicaL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
PBZ at 40 g per tree produced the fewest mature fruit in the first two years.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- PBZ at 40 g per treee0
- Outcome
- production of mature fruitse0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Qualifier
- first two years after applicatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PBZ at 40 g per tree resulted in the lowest production of mature fruits for the first two years after application.”
t0“‘Tommy Atkins’ mango (Mangifera indicaL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
PBZ at 40 g per tree produced the most mature fruit per canopy area in year three.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- this treatmente0
- Outcome
- mature fruit per m2 of canopye0
- Direction
- moste0
- Qualifier
- third yeare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, for the third year this treatment produced most mature fruit per m2 of canopy.”
t0“‘Tommy Atkins’ mango (Mangifera indicaL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
All PBZ rates decreased average fruit weight.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- All PBZ ratese0
- Outcome
- average fruit weighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All PBZ rates decreased average fruit weight”
t0“‘Tommy Atkins’ mango (Mangifera indicaL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit was smallest at 15, 20 and 40 g PBZ per tree.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- 15, 20 and 40 g PBZ per treee0
- Outcome
- fruitse0
- Direction
- smalleste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the smallest fruits were produced with 15, 20 and 40 g PBZ per tree.”
t0“‘Tommy Atkins’ mango (Mangifera indicaL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Low PBZ rates of 2.5 and 5 g per tree did not affect fruit juice soluble solids.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- low PBZ-rates (2.5 and 5 g per tree)e0
- Outcome
- Total soluble solids of fruit juicee0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total soluble solids of fruit juice were not affected at low PBZ-rates (2.5 and 5 g per tree)”
t0“‘Tommy Atkins’ mango (Mangifera indicaL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
PBZ at 10 g per tree or higher significantly increased fruit juice soluble solids.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- 10 g PBZ per tree and greater concentrationse0
- Outcome
- Total soluble solids of fruit juicee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- low PBZ-rates (2.5 and 5 g per tree)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total soluble solids of fruit juice were not affected at low PBZ-rates (2.5 and 5 g per tree), but they were significantly higher with 10 g PBZ per tree and greater concentrations.”
t0“‘Tommy Atkins’ mango (Mangifera indicaL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
PBZ at 10 g per tree and above sharply reduced leaf P and Ca content.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- PBZ at 10 g per tree and abovee0
- Outcome
- leaf P and Ca contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PBZ at 10 g per tree and above drastically reduced leaf P and Ca content.”
t0“‘Tommy Atkins’ mango (Mangifera indicaL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
PBZ at 15 g per tree and above reduced leaf Mg content.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- 15 g PBZ per tree and abovee0
- Outcome
- Mge0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A similar reduction was found for Mg with levels of 15 g PBZ per tree and above.”
t0“‘Tommy Atkins’ mango (Mangifera indicaL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf N and K content did not change significantly.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Outcome
- leaf content of N and Ke0
- Direction
- No significant changese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No significant changes were detected in the leaf content of N and K.”
t0“‘Tommy Atkins’ mango (Mangifera indicaL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest 10 g PBZ per tree can reduce tree size and induce early flowering.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- 10 g PBZ per treee0
- Outcome
- reduce tree size and induce early floweringe0
- Qualifier
- maye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The use of 10 g PBZ per tree may have a dual effect, as it may reduce tree size and induce early flowering.”
t0“‘Tommy Atkins’ mango (Mangifera indicaL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest reapplying 10 or 5 g PBZ every two years under rainfed conditions.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- 10 g PBZ per treee0
- Outcome
- reapplication with 10 or 5 g per tree every two yearse0
- Setting
- rainfed conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under rainfed conditions, a single application of 10 g PBZ per tree should be followed by a reapplication with 10 or 5 g per tree every two years.”
t0“‘Tommy Atkins’ mango (Mangifera indicaL.)”
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