Abstract
Abiotic stresses negatively affect the rate of nutrient mobilization in soils resulting in poor crop performance. Vermicompost-leachate (VCL) is an organic liquid produced from earthworm-digested material. It improves soil fertility as a result of the presence of proteins, vitamins, and micro- and macroelements. However, the effects of VCL on plant growth under temperature and water stress are not yet fully studied. To assess the growth performance under low, optimum, and high temperatures, 1-month-old well established tomato seedlings were treated with and without VCL (1:10 v/v) under various temperature regimes (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C). In the second trial, tomato seedlings were tested in a greenhouse with and without VCL (1:10 v/v) at different watering regimes (15, 30, and 45 mL of Hoagland’s nutrient solution) to evaluate the effect of water stress. In comparison with the control seedlings, VCL treatment significantly improved stem thickness, leaf area, and shoot/root both fresh and dry weight of seedlings at 30 °C. At this temperature, VCL-treated seedlings showed a significant increase for all examined physiological parameters (total chlorophyll, total sugars, and proline). Number of leaves, stem thickness, and shoot/root length and fresh weight of VCL-treated tomato seedlings irrigated under a low watering regime were significantly greater than the control. Total chlorophyll, total sugars, and proline content were significantly elevated at the high watering regime but declined in the low watering regime with VCL treatment. Both increasing and decreasing trends of compatible solutes and photosynthetic pigments indicated osmotic adjustment to stress conditions. VCL can be a suitable soil amendment product to improve overall soil fertility and, more importantly, growth of tomato plants even under temperature and water stress conditions.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
VCL improved stem thickness, leaf area at 30 °C relative to control seedlings.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- VCL treatmente0
- Outcome
- stem thickness, leaf areae0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- 30 °Ce0
- Comparator
- control seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In comparison with the control seedlings, VCL treatment significantly improved stem thickness, leaf area, and shoot/root both fresh and dry weight of seedlings at 30 °C.”
t0“Tomato Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
VCL improved shoot/root both fresh and dry weight at 30 °C relative to control seedlings.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- VCL treatmente0
- Outcome
- shoot/root both fresh and dry weighte0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- 30 °Ce0
- Comparator
- control seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In comparison with the control seedlings, VCL treatment significantly improved stem thickness, leaf area, and shoot/root both fresh and dry weight of seedlings at 30 °C.”
t0“Tomato Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
At 30 °C, VCL increased total chlorophyll, total sugars and proline in seedlings.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- VCL-treatede0
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll, total sugars, and prolinee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- this temperaturee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At this temperature, VCL-treated seedlings showed a significant increase for all examined physiological parameters (total chlorophyll, total sugars, and proline).”
t0“Tomato Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Under low watering, VCL-treated tomato seedlings had greater Number of leaves, stem thickness than controls.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- VCL-treatede0
- Outcome
- Number of leaves, stem thicknesse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- low watering regimee0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Number of leaves, stem thickness, and shoot/root length and fresh weight of VCL-treated tomato seedlings irrigated under a low watering regime were significantly greater than the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under low watering, VCL-treated tomato seedlings had greater shoot/root length and fresh weight than controls.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- VCL-treatede0
- Outcome
- shoot/root length and fresh weighte0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- low watering regimee0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Number of leaves, stem thickness, and shoot/root length and fresh weight of VCL-treated tomato seedlings irrigated under a low watering regime were significantly greater than the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
VCL elevated Total chlorophyll at the high watering regime.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- VCL treatmente0
- Outcome
- Total chlorophylle0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Qualifier
- high watering regimee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total chlorophyll, total sugars, and proline content were significantly elevated at the high watering regime but declined in the low watering regime with VCL treatment.”
t0“Tomato Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
VCL declined Total chlorophyll at the low watering regime.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- VCL treatmente0
- Outcome
- Total chlorophylle0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Qualifier
- low watering regimee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total chlorophyll, total sugars, and proline content were significantly elevated at the high watering regime but declined in the low watering regime with VCL treatment.”
t0“Tomato Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
VCL elevated total sugars at the high watering regime.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- VCL treatmente0
- Outcome
- total sugarse0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Qualifier
- high watering regimee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total chlorophyll, total sugars, and proline content were significantly elevated at the high watering regime but declined in the low watering regime with VCL treatment.”
t0“Tomato Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
VCL declined total sugars at the low watering regime.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- VCL treatmente0
- Outcome
- total sugarse0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Qualifier
- low watering regimee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total chlorophyll, total sugars, and proline content were significantly elevated at the high watering regime but declined in the low watering regime with VCL treatment.”
t0“Tomato Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
VCL elevated proline content at the high watering regime.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- VCL treatmente0
- Outcome
- proline contente0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Qualifier
- high watering regimee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total chlorophyll, total sugars, and proline content were significantly elevated at the high watering regime but declined in the low watering regime with VCL treatment.”
t0“Tomato Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
VCL declined proline content at the low watering regime.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- VCL treatmente0
- Outcome
- proline contente0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Qualifier
- low watering regimee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total chlorophyll, total sugars, and proline content were significantly elevated at the high watering regime but declined in the low watering regime with VCL treatment.”
t0“Tomato Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Changes in compatible solutes and photosynthetic pigments indicate osmotic adjustment under stress.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- osmotic adjustmente0
- Qualifier
- increasing and decreasing trends of compatible solutes and photosynthetic pigmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both increasing and decreasing trends of compatible solutes and photosynthetic pigments indicated osmotic adjustment to stress conditions.”
t0“Tomato Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend VCL as a soil amendment to improve tomato growth under temperature and water stress.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- VCLe0
- Outcome
- growth of tomato plantse0
- Qualifier
- under temperature and water stress conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“VCL can be a suitable soil amendment product to improve overall soil fertility and, more importantly, growth of tomato plants even under temperature and water stress conditions.”
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