Abstract
SummaryUrban and agricultural waste products generally available to avocado and citrus growers in southern California were analyzed for their suitability for use as bioenhanced mulches on citrus and avocado. Of the mulches tested only yard waste (consisting of wood chips, grass and leaves), rice hulls and rice hulls-and-paper were not harmful to any growth parameter of citrus or avocado and were also adequate substrates for the growth of three biocontrol agents: Trichoderma harzianum, Gliocladium virens, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Several mulches such as milled peanut hulls, milled almond hulls, chicken manure, a horse/cow manure mixture, cow manure and alfalfa hay were poor substrates for growth of the biocontrol agents and were damaging to at least one growth parameter of avocado and citrus. These mulches released toxic amounts of ammonia upon degradation, some in excess of 1000 µg NH3−1 dry wt. The percentage of healthy citrus roots, percentage of healthy avocado roots and growth of T. harzianum and P. fluorescens were negatively correlated with both ammonia evolved and total nitrogen content of the mulches. Citrus grew better with mulches having lower carbon/nitrogen ratios than did avocado; organic matter and organic matter/nitrogen ratio were negatively correlated with citrus shoot weight and the percentage of healthy citrus roots but were not negatively correlated with avocado growth parameters. Growth of all three biocontrol agents was positively correlated with the organic matter/nitrogen ratio and negatively correlated with the pH of the mulches. Growth of G. virens was negatively affected by the sodium concentration of the mulches. For the various mulches, the percentage of healthy citrus roots, percentage of healthy avocado roots, avocado root weight, avocado height increase and avocado shoot weight were positively correlated with the growth of P. fluorescens. In addition, the growth of T. harzianum on mulches was correlated positively with the percentage of healthy avocado roots mulched with the same material. This indicates that mulch characteristics which favour healthy roots of citrus and avocado also favour the growth of P. fluorescens and T. harzianum.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Yard waste, rice hulls and rice hulls-and-paper were the only tested mulches not harmful to citrus growth parameters.
- Treatment
- yard waste (consisting of wood chips, grass and leaves), rice hulls and rice hulls-and-papere0
- Outcome
- growth parametere0
- Direction
- not harmfule0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Schema note from the model: Mulch treatments grouped to preserve result coverage within the claim budget.
Verbatim
e0“Of the mulches tested only yard waste (consisting of wood chips, grass and leaves), rice hulls and rice hulls-and-paper were not harmful to any growth parameter of citrus or avocado”
Claim · model-written summary
Yard waste, rice hulls and rice hulls-and-paper were the only tested mulches not harmful to avocado growth parameters.
- Taxon
- avocado
Persea americanae0 - Treatment
- yard waste (consisting of wood chips, grass and leaves), rice hulls and rice hulls-and-papere0
- Outcome
- growth parametere0
- Direction
- not harmfule0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Schema note from the model: Mulch treatments grouped to preserve result coverage within the claim budget.
Verbatim
e0“Of the mulches tested only yard waste (consisting of wood chips, grass and leaves), rice hulls and rice hulls-and-paper were not harmful to any growth parameter of citrus or avocado”
Claim · model-written summary
Yard waste, rice hulls and rice hulls-and-paper adequately supported Trichoderma harzianum, Gliocladium virens and Pseudomonas fluorescens growth.
- Taxon
- Trichoderma harzianum, Gliocladium virens, and Pseudomonas fluorescens
.JPG?width=60)
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Trichoderma harzianumTrichoderma virense0 - Treatment
- yard waste (consisting of wood chips, grass and leaves), rice hulls and rice hulls-and-papere0
- Outcome
- adequate substrates for the growthe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.JPG?width=500)
Schema note from the model: Organisms and treatments grouped because full splitting exceeds the claim budget.
Verbatim
e0“only yard waste (consisting of wood chips, grass and leaves), rice hulls and rice hulls-and-paper were not harmful to any growth parameter of citrus or avocado and were also adequate substrates for the growth of three biocontrol agents: Trichoderma harzianum, Gliocladium virens, and Pseudomonas fluorescens.”
Claim · model-written summary
Milled peanut hulls, milled almond hulls, chicken manure, horse/cow manure mixture, cow manure and alfalfa hay poorly supported biocontrol agents and damaged at least one avocado growth parameter.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanae0
- Treatment
- milled peanut hulls, milled almond hulls, chicken manure, a horse/cow manure mixture, cow manure and alfalfa haye0
- Outcome
- growth parametere0
- Direction
- damaginge0
- Qualifier
- poor substrates for growth of the biocontrol agentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Schema note from the model: Treatments and related substrate result grouped to meet the claim budget.
Verbatim
e0“Several mulches such as milled peanut hulls, milled almond hulls, chicken manure, a horse/cow manure mixture, cow manure and alfalfa hay were poor substrates for growth of the biocontrol agents and were damaging to at least one growth parameter of avocado and citrus.”
Claim · model-written summary
Milled peanut hulls, milled almond hulls, chicken manure, horse/cow manure mixture, cow manure and alfalfa hay damaged at least one citrus growth parameter.
- Treatment
- milled peanut hulls, milled almond hulls, chicken manure, a horse/cow manure mixture, cow manure and alfalfa haye0
- Outcome
- growth parametere0
- Direction
- damaginge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Schema note from the model: Treatments grouped to meet the claim budget.
Verbatim
e0“Several mulches such as milled peanut hulls, milled almond hulls, chicken manure, a horse/cow manure mixture, cow manure and alfalfa hay were poor substrates for growth of the biocontrol agents and were damaging to at least one growth parameter of avocado and citrus.”
Claim · model-written summary
The damaging mulches released toxic ammonia during degradation, some exceeding 1000 µg NH3−1 dry wt.
- Outcome
- amounts of ammoniae0
- Direction
- in excess ofe0
- Value
- 1000 µg NH3−1 dry wt.e0
- Qualifier
- upon degradatione0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“These mulches released toxic amounts of ammonia upon degradation, some in excess of 1000 µg NH3−1 dry wt.”
Claim · model-written summary
Healthy citrus root percentage correlated negatively with mulch ammonia evolution and total nitrogen content.
- Treatment
- mulchese0
- Compound
- ammoniae0
- Outcome
- percentage of healthy citrus rootse0
- Direction
- negatively correlatede0
- Qualifier
- both ammonia evolved and total nitrogen content of the mulchese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The percentage of healthy citrus roots, percentage of healthy avocado roots and growth of T. harzianum and P. fluorescens were negatively correlated with both ammonia evolved and total nitrogen content of the mulches.”
Claim · model-written summary
Healthy avocado root percentage correlated negatively with mulch ammonia evolution and total nitrogen content.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanae0
- Treatment
- mulchese0
- Compound
- ammoniae0
- Outcome
- percentage of healthy avocado rootse0
- Direction
- negatively correlatede0
- Qualifier
- both ammonia evolved and total nitrogen content of the mulchese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The percentage of healthy citrus roots, percentage of healthy avocado roots and growth of T. harzianum and P. fluorescens were negatively correlated with both ammonia evolved and total nitrogen content of the mulches.”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum and P. fluorescens growth correlated negatively with mulch ammonia evolution and total nitrogen content.
- Taxon
- T. harzianum and P. fluorescensPseudomonas fluorescensTrichoderma harzianume0
- Compound
- ammoniae0
- Outcome
- growth of T. harzianum and P. fluorescense0
- Direction
- negatively correlatede0
- Qualifier
- both ammonia evolved and total nitrogen content of the mulchese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Schema note from the model: Two biocontrol organisms grouped to meet the claim budget.
Verbatim
e0“growth of T. harzianum and P. fluorescens were negatively correlated with both ammonia evolved and total nitrogen content of the mulches”
Claim · model-written summary
Citrus grew better than avocado with mulches having lower carbon/nitrogen ratios.
- Treatment
- mulches having lower carbon/nitrogen ratiose0
- Outcome
- grew bettere0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- avocadoe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Citrus grew better with mulches having lower carbon/nitrogen ratios than did avocado”
Claim · model-written summary
Citrus shoot weight and healthy root percentage correlated negatively with organic matter and organic matter/nitrogen ratio.
- Treatment
- organic matter and organic matter/nitrogen ratioe0
- Outcome
- citrus shoot weight and the percentage of healthy citrus rootse0
- Direction
- negatively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“organic matter and organic matter/nitrogen ratio were negatively correlated with citrus shoot weight and the percentage of healthy citrus roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Avocado growth parameters were not negatively correlated with mulch organic matter and organic matter/nitrogen ratio.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanae0
- Treatment
- organic matter and organic matter/nitrogen ratioe0
- Outcome
- avocado growth parameterse0
- Direction
- not negatively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“organic matter and organic matter/nitrogen ratio were negatively correlated with citrus shoot weight and the percentage of healthy citrus roots but were not negatively correlated with avocado growth parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth of all three biocontrol agents correlated positively with mulch organic matter/nitrogen ratio.
- Taxon
- Trichoderma harzianum, Gliocladium virens, and Pseudomonas fluorescensPseudomonas fluorescensTrichoderma harzianumTrichoderma virense1
- Treatment
- organic matter/nitrogen ratioe0
- Outcome
- Growth of all three biocontrol agentse0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Schema note from the model: Three biocontrol organisms grouped to meet the claim budget.
Verbatim
e0“Growth of all three biocontrol agents was positively correlated with the organic matter/nitrogen ratio and negatively correlated with the pH of the mulches.”
e1“three biocontrol agents: Trichoderma harzianum, Gliocladium virens, and Pseudomonas fluorescens”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth of all three biocontrol agents correlated negatively with mulch pH.
- Taxon
- Trichoderma harzianum, Gliocladium virens, and Pseudomonas fluorescensPseudomonas fluorescensTrichoderma harzianumTrichoderma virense1
- Treatment
- pH of the mulchese0
- Outcome
- Growth of all three biocontrol agentse0
- Direction
- negatively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Schema note from the model: Three biocontrol organisms grouped to meet the claim budget.
Verbatim
e0“Growth of all three biocontrol agents was positively correlated with the organic matter/nitrogen ratio and negatively correlated with the pH of the mulches.”
e1“three biocontrol agents: Trichoderma harzianum, Gliocladium virens, and Pseudomonas fluorescens”
Claim · model-written summary
G. virens growth was negatively affected by mulch sodium concentration.
Verbatim
e0“Growth of G. virens was negatively affected by the sodium concentration of the mulches.”
Claim · model-written summary
Healthy citrus root percentage correlated positively with P. fluorescens growth across mulches.
- Treatment
- mulchese0
- Interactor
- P. fluorescensPseudomonas fluorescense0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- percentage of healthy citrus rootse0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For the various mulches, the percentage of healthy citrus roots, percentage of healthy avocado roots, avocado root weight, avocado height increase and avocado shoot weight were positively correlated with the growth of P. fluorescens.”
Claim · model-written summary
Healthy avocado root percentage and root weight correlated positively with P. fluorescens growth across mulches.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanae0
- Treatment
- mulchese0
- Interactor
- P. fluorescensPseudomonas fluorescense0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- percentage of healthy avocado roots, avocado root weighte0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For the various mulches, the percentage of healthy citrus roots, percentage of healthy avocado roots, avocado root weight, avocado height increase and avocado shoot weight were positively correlated with the growth of P. fluorescens.”
Claim · model-written summary
Avocado height increase and shoot weight correlated positively with P. fluorescens growth across mulches.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanae0
- Treatment
- mulchese0
- Interactor
- P. fluorescensPseudomonas fluorescense0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- avocado height increase and avocado shoot weighte0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For the various mulches, the percentage of healthy citrus roots, percentage of healthy avocado roots, avocado root weight, avocado height increase and avocado shoot weight were positively correlated with the growth of P. fluorescens.”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum growth on mulches correlated positively with healthy avocado root percentage under the same mulch.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanae0
- Interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- percentage of healthy avocado rootse0
- Direction
- correlated positivelye0
- Qualifier
- mulched with the same materiale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the growth of T. harzianum on mulches was correlated positively with the percentage of healthy avocado roots mulched with the same material”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that mulch characteristics favoring healthy citrus and avocado roots also favor P. fluorescens and T. harzianum growth.
- Taxon
- citrus and avocado
CitrusPersea americanae0 - Treatment
- mulch characteristicse0
- Interactor
- P. fluorescensPseudomonas fluorescense0biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- healthy rootse0
- Direction
- favoure0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Schema note from the model: Plant taxa grouped for the shared interpretation to meet the claim budget.
Verbatim
e0“This indicates that mulch characteristics which favour healthy roots of citrus and avocado also favour the growth of P. fluorescens and T. harzianum.”
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