Abstract
The effects of carbon and nitrogen sources and inorganic phosphorus concentrations on the growth of Wedelia trilobata hairy roots were investigated, as well as the effect of their extract on seed germination. The results showed that when cultured with sugar content less than 5%, the best growth of W. trilobata hairy roots was obtained with glucose as carbon source, followed by sucrose, while with the sugar content more than 5%, only maltose was able to promote the hairy root growth. However, when maltose concentration was higher than 7%, the growth of hairy roots was also gradually inhibited. The best stimulating effect on the growth was obtained when (NO_3)~--N (263.1 μg/mL) was combined with (NH_4)~+-N (577.2 μg/mL) or supplemented with inorganic phosphorus content 2~3 times the amount of inorganic phosphorus in MS medium. When cultured without addition of Ca~(2+) into the medium, the hairy roots had vigorus growth with many branches and became thinner, but with the increasing concentration of Ca~(2+), their growth was suppressed. The inhibitory effect of seed germination was higher when the seeds of rice (Oryza sativa L.), Bidens pilosa L., and crabgrass were soaked with ethanol-soluble extract, than that of those treated with water-soluble extract. Compared to the control, when soaked with water-soluble extract of hairy roots, the seed germination rates of rice, B. pilosa and crabgrass were 84%, 93% and 20%, respectively, but when soaked with ethanol-soluble extract of hairy roots, the seed germination rate of crabgrass seeds was 3%, but no seed germination of rice and B. pilosa was observed The seed germination was more inhibitory when with ethanol-soluble extract of hairy roots than that of wild roots. When the seeds of rice, B. pilosa and crabgrass were soaked with ethanol-soluble extract of light-cultured hairy roots, their seed germination rates were 28.7%, 3.9% and 18.7%, respectively, and were higher than those with ethanol- soluble extract of dark-cultured hairy roots, with which the seed germination rate was 4% for rice and 1% for crabgrass, but no germination for B. pilosa,This experiment provides the solid experimental and technological foundation for selecting optimal conditions for large scale culture of W. trilobata hairy roots, and for producing secondary metabolites and further application of the secondary metabolites to eliminate weeds in agriculture. Fig9, Tab1, Ref19
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Below 5% sugar, glucose gave best hairy root growth.
- Taxon
- W. trilobata
.jpg?width=60)
Sphagneticola trilobatae0 - Treatment
- glucose as carbon sourcee0
- Outcome
- growth of W. trilobata hairy rootse0
- Direction
- beste0
- Qualifier
- sugar content less than 5%e0
- Comparator
- sucrosee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“when cultured with sugar content less than 5%, the best growth of W. trilobata hairy roots was obtained with glucose as carbon source, followed by sucrose”
Claim · model-written summary
Above 5% sugar, maltose promoted hairy root growth.
- Taxon
- Wedelia trilobataSphagneticola trilobatat0
- Treatment
- maltosee0
- Outcome
- hairy root growthe0
- Direction
- promotee0
- Qualifier
- sugar content more than 5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with the sugar content more than 5%, only maltose was able to promote the hairy root growth”
t0“Wedelia trilobata Hairy Roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Maltose above 7% inhibited hairy root growth.
- Taxon
- Wedelia trilobataSphagneticola trilobatat0
- Treatment
- maltose concentration was higher than 7%e0
- Outcome
- growth of hairy rootse0
- Direction
- gradually inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“when maltose concentration was higher than 7%, the growth of hairy roots was also gradually inhibited”
t0“Wedelia trilobata Hairy Roots”
Claim · model-written summary
The nitrate and ammonium combination gave the best growth stimulation.
- Taxon
- Wedelia trilobataSphagneticola trilobatat0
- Treatment
- (NO_3)~--N (263.1 μg/mL) was combined with (NH_4)~+-N (577.2 μg/mL)e0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- best stimulating effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The best stimulating effect on the growth was obtained when (NO_3)~--N (263.1 μg/mL) was combined with (NH_4)~+-N (577.2 μg/mL)”
t0“Wedelia trilobata Hairy Roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated inorganic phosphorus gave the best growth stimulation.
- Taxon
- Wedelia trilobataSphagneticola trilobatat0
- Treatment
- inorganic phosphorus content 2~3 times the amount of inorganic phosphorus in MS mediume0
- Outcome
- growthe1
- Direction
- best stimulating effecte1
- Comparator
- MS mediume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“supplemented with inorganic phosphorus content 2~3 times the amount of inorganic phosphorus in MS medium”
e1“The best stimulating effect on the growth was obtained”
t0“Wedelia trilobata Hairy Roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Without added calcium, hairy roots grew vigorously and branched.
- Taxon
- Wedelia trilobataSphagneticola trilobatat0
- Treatment
- without addition of Ca~(2+) into the mediume0
- Outcome
- vigorus growth with many branches and became thinnere0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“without addition of Ca~(2+) into the medium, the hairy roots had vigorus growth with many branches and became thinner”
t0“Wedelia trilobata Hairy Roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing calcium suppressed hairy root growth.
- Taxon
- Wedelia trilobataSphagneticola trilobatat0
- Treatment
- increasing concentration of Ca~(2+)e0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with the increasing concentration of Ca~(2+), their growth was suppressed”
t0“Wedelia trilobata Hairy Roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanol soluble extract inhibited germination more than water soluble extract.
Verbatim
e0“The inhibitory effect of seed germination was higher when the seeds of rice (Oryza sativa L.), Bidens pilosa L., and crabgrass were soaked with ethanol-soluble extract, than that of those treated with water-soluble extract”
Claim · model-written summary
rice germination with water soluble extract was 84%.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- water-soluble extract of hairy rootse1
- Outcome
- seed germination ratese0
- Value
- 84%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed germination rates of rice, B. pilosa and crabgrass were 84%, 93% and 20%”
e1“soaked with water-soluble extract of hairy roots”
Claim · model-written summary
B. pilosa germination with water soluble extract was 93%.
- Taxon
- B. pilosa
Bidens pilosae0 - Treatment
- water-soluble extract of hairy rootse1
- Outcome
- seed germination ratese0
- Value
- 93%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed germination rates of rice, B. pilosa and crabgrass were 84%, 93% and 20%”
e1“soaked with water-soluble extract of hairy roots”
Claim · model-written summary
crabgrass germination with water soluble extract was 20%.
- Taxon
- crabgrasse0
- Treatment
- water-soluble extract of hairy rootse1
- Outcome
- seed germination ratese0
- Value
- 20%e0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“seed germination rates of rice, B. pilosa and crabgrass were 84%, 93% and 20%”
e1“soaked with water-soluble extract of hairy roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Crabgrass germination with ethanol extract was 3%.
- Taxon
- crabgrasse0
- Treatment
- ethanol-soluble extract of hairy rootse0
- Outcome
- seed germination ratee0
- Value
- 3%e0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“with ethanol-soluble extract of hairy roots, the seed germination rate of crabgrass seeds was 3%”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice and B. pilosa did not germinate with ethanol extract.
- Taxon
- rice and B. pilosaOryza sativaBidens pilosae0
- Treatment
- ethanol-soluble extract of hairy rootse1
- Outcome
- no seed germinatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no seed germination of rice and B. pilosa was observed”
e1“but when soaked with ethanol-soluble extract of hairy roots, the seed germination rate of crabgrass seeds was 3%”
Claim · model-written summary
Hairy root ethanol extract inhibited germination more than wild root extract.
- Taxon
- Wedelia trilobataSphagneticola trilobatat0
- Treatment
- ethanol-soluble extract of hairy rootse0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- more inhibitorye0
- Comparator
- wild rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed germination was more inhibitory when with ethanol-soluble extract of hairy roots than that of wild roots”
t0“Wedelia trilobata Hairy Roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Light cultured extract yielded 28.7% rice germination, higher than dark cultured extract.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- ethanol-soluble extract of light-cultured hairy rootse1
- Outcome
- seed germination ratese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 28.7%e0
- Comparator
- ethanol- soluble extract of dark-cultured hairy rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed germination rates were 28.7%, 3.9% and 18.7%, respectively, and were higher than those with ethanol- soluble extract of dark-cultured hairy roots”
e1“seeds of rice, B. pilosa and crabgrass were soaked with ethanol-soluble extract of light-cultured hairy roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Light cultured extract yielded 3.9% B. pilosa germination, higher than dark cultured extract.
- Taxon
- B. pilosaBidens pilosae1
- Treatment
- ethanol-soluble extract of light-cultured hairy rootse1
- Outcome
- seed germination ratese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 3.9%e0
- Comparator
- ethanol- soluble extract of dark-cultured hairy rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed germination rates were 28.7%, 3.9% and 18.7%, respectively, and were higher than those with ethanol- soluble extract of dark-cultured hairy roots”
e1“seeds of rice, B. pilosa and crabgrass were soaked with ethanol-soluble extract of light-cultured hairy roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Light cultured extract yielded 18.7% crabgrass germination, higher than dark cultured extract.
Verbatim
e0“seed germination rates were 28.7%, 3.9% and 18.7%, respectively, and were higher than those with ethanol- soluble extract of dark-cultured hairy roots”
e1“seeds of rice, B. pilosa and crabgrass were soaked with ethanol-soluble extract of light-cultured hairy roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Dark cultured extract gave 4% rice germination.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ethanol- soluble extract of dark-cultured hairy rootse1
- Outcome
- seed germination ratee0
- Value
- 4%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed germination rate was 4% for rice”
e1“ethanol- soluble extract of dark-cultured hairy roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Dark cultured extract gave 1% crabgrass germination.
- Taxon
- crabgrasse0
- Treatment
- ethanol- soluble extract of dark-cultured hairy rootse0
- Outcome
- seed germination ratee0
- Value
- 1%e0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“ethanol- soluble extract of dark-cultured hairy roots, with which the seed germination rate was 4% for rice and 1% for crabgrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Dark cultured extract prevented B. pilosa germination.
- Taxon
- B. pilosaBidens pilosae0
- Treatment
- ethanol- soluble extract of dark-cultured hairy rootse1
- Outcome
- no germinatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no germination for B. pilosa”
e1“ethanol- soluble extract of dark-cultured hairy roots”
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