Abstract
A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of all-day warming on the growth, development and yield of winter wheat cultivars bred in different periods under free air temperature increase (FATI) in Xuzhou and Danyang, Jiangsu Province. Warming decreased the effective tillers by 5.2% and 9.6%, and the ineffective tillers by 15.6% and 9.7% in Xuzhou and Danyang, respectively. Plant height under FATI was higher in Xuzhou, but lower in Danyang than that of the control. Plant heights of the late cultivars were lower than that of the early cultivars. Warming increased the leaf area index for all cultivars. Warming increased the net photosynthetic rates of the winter wheat cultivars except for those bred in 1950-1960s and 1980s in Xuzhou and 1950-1960s and 1990s in Danyang. There were different changing tendencies of the night respiration rate among the winter wheat cultivars bred in different periods. Aboveground biomass and harvest index of all cultivars increased under FATI. Harvest index of late cultivars was higher than that of early cultivars in Xuzhou and Danyang. Growth period of different cultivars under FATI was all shortened, av- eragely by 3.2 and 4.1 d in Xuzhou and Danyang, respectively, mainly due to shortening the preheading stage (averagely by 7.5 and 8.5 d in Xuzhou and Danyang, respectively) and prolonging the filling stage (by average 4.3 d). Except for 1950-1960s cultivars in Xuzhou, the grain yields increased under FATI, averagely by 21.0% and 14.1% in Xuzhou and Danyang, respectively. Statistical analysis of variance showed that the warming-induced wheat yield changes were due to the changes in grain number per spike and effective spikes in Xuzhou and the change in 1000-grain mass in Danyang, respectively.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Warming decreased wheat effective tillers by 5.2% in Xuzhou.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Warminge0
- Outcome
- effective tillerse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 5.2%e0
- Setting
- Xuzhoue0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Warming decreased the effective tillers by 5.2% and 9.6%, and the ineffective tillers by 15.6% and 9.7% in Xuzhou and Danyang, respectively.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming decreased wheat effective tillers by 9.6% in Danyang.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Warminge0
- Outcome
- effective tillerse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 9.6%e0
- Setting
- Danyange0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Warming decreased the effective tillers by 5.2% and 9.6%, and the ineffective tillers by 15.6% and 9.7% in Xuzhou and Danyang, respectively.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming decreased wheat ineffective tillers by 15.6% in Xuzhou.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Warminge0
- Outcome
- ineffective tillerse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 15.6%e0
- Setting
- Xuzhoue0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Warming decreased the effective tillers by 5.2% and 9.6%, and the ineffective tillers by 15.6% and 9.7% in Xuzhou and Danyang, respectively.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming decreased wheat ineffective tillers by 9.7% in Danyang.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Warminge0
- Outcome
- ineffective tillerse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 9.7%e0
- Setting
- Danyange0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Warming decreased the effective tillers by 5.2% and 9.6%, and the ineffective tillers by 15.6% and 9.7% in Xuzhou and Danyang, respectively.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
FATI increased wheat plant height in Xuzhou versus control.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- FATIe0
- Outcome
- Plant heighte0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- controle0
- Setting
- Xuzhoue0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant height under FATI was higher in Xuzhou, but lower in Danyang than that of the control.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
FATI decreased wheat plant height in Danyang versus control.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- FATIe0
- Outcome
- Plant heighte0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- controle0
- Setting
- Danyange0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant height under FATI was higher in Xuzhou, but lower in Danyang than that of the control.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Late cultivars were shorter than early cultivars.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- late cultivarse0
- Outcome
- Plant heightse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- early cultivarse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant heights of the late cultivars were lower than that of the early cultivars.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming increased leaf area index in all cultivars.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Warminge0
- Outcome
- leaf area indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Warming increased the leaf area index for all cultivars.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming increased net photosynthesis except in the stated cultivar cohorts at Xuzhou and Danyang.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Warminge0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- except for those bred in 1950-1960s and 1980s in Xuzhou and 1950-1960s and 1990s in Danyange0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Warming increased the net photosynthetic rates of the winter wheat cultivars except for those bred in 1950-1960s and 1980s in Xuzhou and 1950-1960s and 1990s in Danyang.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Night respiration responses differed among cultivar breeding periods.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- night respiration ratee0
- Qualifier
- different changing tendenciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were different changing tendencies of the night respiration rate among the winter wheat cultivars bred in different periods.”
Claim · model-written summary
FATI increased aboveground biomass in all cultivars.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- FATIe0
- Outcome
- Aboveground biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aboveground biomass and harvest index of all cultivars increased under FATI.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
FATI increased harvest index in all cultivars.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- FATIe0
- Outcome
- harvest indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aboveground biomass and harvest index of all cultivars increased under FATI.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Late cultivars had higher harvest index than early cultivars at both sites.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- late cultivarse0
- Outcome
- Harvest indexe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- early cultivarse0
- Setting
- Xuzhou and Danyange0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Harvest index of late cultivars was higher than that of early cultivars in Xuzhou and Danyang.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
FATI shortened Growth period by 3.2.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- FATIe0
- Outcome
- Growth periode0
- Direction
- shortenede0
- Value
- 3.2e0
- Setting
- Xuzhoue0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growth period of different cultivars under FATI was all shortened, av- eragely by 3.2 and 4.1 d in Xuzhou and Danyang, respectively, mainly due to shortening the preheading stage (averagely by 7.5 and 8.5 d in Xuzhou and Danyang, respectively) and prolonging the filling stage (by average 4.3 d).”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
FATI shortened Growth period by 4.1 d.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- FATIe0
- Outcome
- Growth periode0
- Direction
- shortenede0
- Value
- 4.1 de0
- Setting
- Danyange0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growth period of different cultivars under FATI was all shortened, av- eragely by 3.2 and 4.1 d in Xuzhou and Danyang, respectively, mainly due to shortening the preheading stage (averagely by 7.5 and 8.5 d in Xuzhou and Danyang, respectively) and prolonging the filling stage (by average 4.3 d).”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
FATI shortened preheading stage by 7.5.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- FATIe0
- Outcome
- preheading stagee0
- Direction
- shorteninge0
- Value
- 7.5e0
- Setting
- Xuzhoue0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growth period of different cultivars under FATI was all shortened, av- eragely by 3.2 and 4.1 d in Xuzhou and Danyang, respectively, mainly due to shortening the preheading stage (averagely by 7.5 and 8.5 d in Xuzhou and Danyang, respectively) and prolonging the filling stage (by average 4.3 d).”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
FATI shortened preheading stage by 8.5 d.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- FATIe0
- Outcome
- preheading stagee0
- Direction
- shorteninge0
- Value
- 8.5 de0
- Setting
- Danyange0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growth period of different cultivars under FATI was all shortened, av- eragely by 3.2 and 4.1 d in Xuzhou and Danyang, respectively, mainly due to shortening the preheading stage (averagely by 7.5 and 8.5 d in Xuzhou and Danyang, respectively) and prolonging the filling stage (by average 4.3 d).”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
FATI prolonged filling stage by 4.3 d.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- FATIe0
- Outcome
- filling stagee0
- Direction
- prolonginge0
- Value
- 4.3 de0
- Setting
- Xuzhou and Danyange0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growth period of different cultivars under FATI was all shortened, av- eragely by 3.2 and 4.1 d in Xuzhou and Danyang, respectively, mainly due to shortening the preheading stage (averagely by 7.5 and 8.5 d in Xuzhou and Danyang, respectively) and prolonging the filling stage (by average 4.3 d).”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
FATI increased grain yield by an average 21.0% in Xuzhou, except in 1950–1960s cultivars.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- FATIe0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 21.0%e0
- Qualifier
- Except for 1950-1960s cultivars in Xuzhoue0
- Setting
- Xuzhoue0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Except for 1950-1960s cultivars in Xuzhou, the grain yields increased under FATI, averagely by 21.0% and 14.1% in Xuzhou and Danyang, respectively.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
FATI increased grain yield by an average 14.1% in Danyang.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- FATIe0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 14.1%e0
- Setting
- Danyange0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Except for 1950-1960s cultivars in Xuzhou, the grain yields increased under FATI, averagely by 21.0% and 14.1% in Xuzhou and Danyang, respectively.”
t0“winter wheat”
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